tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3616421939533721932024-03-27T04:24:33.143+01:00驛站 Ma petite taverne只是為了那些絕望者,希望才被賜予我們。
驛站http://www.blogger.com/profile/11378808425722503912noreply@blogger.comBlogger50125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-361642193953372193.post-87892105834594386962023-12-05T02:55:00.012+01:002023-12-24T02:03:04.441+01:00根本不存在日本馬克思主義——柄谷行人訪談<p><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK"></span></p><p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">宋治德</span><span lang="ZH-HK">
</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">譯</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK">【譯按】<i>這是譯者近年所看過的有關知名日本當代思想家柄谷行人的英文文章中,最為清楚和整全的一篇。這篇個人訪談,可以讓讀者較為連貫地瞭解,柄谷行人從學運分子到思想家的心路歷程和人文關</i></span><i><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">懷</span></i><i><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,以及日本二戰後的左翼思想(包括新左派)的發展。不過,譯者對其中不能認同的是,柄谷行人對俄國革命偏頗的甚至背離史實的說法以及對馬克思《資本論》和歷史唯物主義的誤讀之處(已有學者指出,例如齊澤克),讀者需要留意。</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">譯自《</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">鴨嘴獸評論</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">》(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Platypus Review</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)網上文章,</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><a href="https://platypus1917.org/2014/11/01/platypus-review-issue-71-article-1/"><span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">第</span></span>71<span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">期,</span></span>2014<span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">年</span></span>11<span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">號</span></span></a></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">原文</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">柄谷行人是日本戰後最重要的哲學家和文學評論家之一,著有《跨批判:論康德與馬克思》(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">Transcritique: On Kant and
Marx</span></i><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)、《日本文學的起源》(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">The Origins of Japanese
Literature</span></i><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)和《世界史的結構》(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">The Structure of World History</span></i><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)等著作。他曾擔任大阪近畿大學的人文科學國際中心的主席、《批判空間》(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Critical Spaces</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)雜誌的共同編輯,並在東京法政大學任教多年。</span><span lang="FR-CA">2000</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,他創立了旨在廢除資本主義、國族和國家的「新聯合體運動」(</span><span lang="FR-CA">New Associationist Movement</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span><st1:chsdate day="9" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="8" w:st="on" year="2014"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2014</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">8</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">9</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Brian Hioe</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Houston Small</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在東京新宿與</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">柄谷行人</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">進行了</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">訪</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">談,由於用英語交流</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一些</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">複雜想法</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">存在</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">困難,隨後</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不久再用</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">電子郵件</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">進行了採訪</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Brian Hioe</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Houston Small</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(譯註:下簡稱</span><span lang="FR-CA">BH</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="FR-CA">HS</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:您能</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">否形容</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一下</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,您最</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">初政治化</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的經過</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">嗎?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">柄谷行人</span></b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span lang="FR-CA">1960</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,我進入東京大學。當時正值反對《日美安保條約》進行修訂的政治鬥爭時期。這是日本現代最大規模的群眾運動——從所及的範圍而言,可能是首次也是最後一次。運動的激進核心是由「崩得」(</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Bund</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)(「共產主義同盟」)領導的學生聯盟(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">譯註:指「全日連」</i>),「崩得」是在</span><span lang="FR-CA">1958</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年脫離日共的一個學生團體。雖然「崩得」是在新左派運動(</span><span lang="FR-CA">1956</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年蘇共譴責斯大林後,在世界各地發生的事件)影響下成立的,但它自身有日本戰後學運的根源。在日共或傳統馬克思主義看來,學生屬於小資產階級,因此必須服從無產階級和黨的領導。但</span><span lang="FR-CA">1948</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的學運領導人武井昭夫(後以文學評論家的身份而聞名),將學生理解為一個相對獨立於階級關係的階層,並強調學運的自主性。日本的新左派正是產生在這種學運之中,而屬於這一路線的「崩得」其本質上屬於學運性質。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我參加了</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1960</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">鬥</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">爭,很快就成為</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">崩得</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的一員。後來,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">因為鬥爭遇到挫折</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">而產生</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">內部</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">爭論時,我才開始思考學運的意義。當時主</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">導的</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">觀點是,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">崩得</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」只</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不過是</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">由</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">學運和小資產階級</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">激進分子組成的,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所以</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">應該建立一個真正的無產階級先鋒黨。結果,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">崩得</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">被解散,成立了一個新的政黨。我拒絕</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">參與。</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我不認為我們</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的挫</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">敗</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">只是因為我們</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的學運</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">與工運沒有真正</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">連結。我寧願認為</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1960</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的鬥爭</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">包括</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">工人階級</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在內</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">首次</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">大規模</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">基層</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">運動,並且</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">藉</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">由脫離了先鋒黨的學運而使這成為可能。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyrkYrbf6-R5nwrSWlQhkvT1ZPCxKnKp92atYBt0hyphenhyphenjCs2Y0Q_LSspPmScYB5du531t5Nyae6MX73deOcHLE0D5NH-ebbkEfKOj5ac8_W9TpRAnLm1d2IKUDoUDwyn2xechbaXuc3vsDoNPg68AbyfIM5DoOTRYQKlYOnh1dHtbuNDIOMJszybaZrPdpsn/s670/ANPO-Demo.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="670" data-original-width="450" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyrkYrbf6-R5nwrSWlQhkvT1ZPCxKnKp92atYBt0hyphenhyphenjCs2Y0Q_LSspPmScYB5du531t5Nyae6MX73deOcHLE0D5NH-ebbkEfKOj5ac8_W9TpRAnLm1d2IKUDoUDwyn2xechbaXuc3vsDoNPg68AbyfIM5DoOTRYQKlYOnh1dHtbuNDIOMJszybaZrPdpsn/w215-h320/ANPO-Demo.jpg" width="215" /></a></div><p></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="text-align: left;">圖:1960</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="text-align: left;">年</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="text-align: left;">6</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="text-align: left;">年</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="text-align: left;">18</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="text-align: left;">日,抗議民眾包圍東京國會,反對翌日通過《日美安保條約》的修訂版本。</span></span></div></blockquote><p> </p> 然後,我在1961年寫了一份宣言,呼籲將「社會主義學生聯盟」(譯註:「社會主義青年同盟解放派」)重組為活躍分子的自由聯合。「學生」不止是字面上的學生,如果一個人思考是普遍性的問題,那麼這個人就是一個「學生」,無論他或她的社會地位如何。這個聯盟不受一個中央集權政黨的羈絆──這是一種無政府主義。事實上,當我四十年後又從事類似的事情時,即當我為「新聯合體運動」撰寫宣言時,我才意識到了這一點。但1961年那時我對無政府主義理論並不熟悉。而我所瞭解和喜歡的那種無政府主義,是存在於自發性擴散的群眾運動——它不能由任何形式的領導去創造。在這方面,我是一個無政府主義者,但我不喜歡波希米亞式呆板的無政府主義者,也從未稱自己為無政府主義者,儘管我也從未稱自己為馬克思主義者。<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1968</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,歐美發生學生</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">造反運動</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。日本也是如此,但其性質和背景有所不同。就在這一年,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">法國和義大利的</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">共產黨</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,他們</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的權威</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">都</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">下降了,但這種情況在</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1960</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的日本就已經發生了。因此,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日本的</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1968</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年是</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1960</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的重</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">演</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。然而,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對我們來說,</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1968</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的事件</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">與</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1960</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年不同的是</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="FR-CA">1968</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年只侷限</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">於校園內,並且出現</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">接連的</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">衰</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">落</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1960</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年發生的同樣爭論又回來了。新左派</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">團體和</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">支</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">派</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重彈</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對學運的批評</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">老調</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,譴責他們是小資產階級,並主張武裝鬥爭。結果,學運</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">被</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">窒息</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">了</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。此後,日本不僅沒有學運,連普通示威活動都消失了,直到</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2011</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">發生的</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">福島核災。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy0RdGHfbntGL6raScyLfiiNU86eSGL1Xe1QWWTHL05AwsxgfVpFJaP_tQ2QqB49Cq-WxuI2LsvzdtaYLhss4Unn_8_WTVZDA2bYYJ2TNtZJmU1VeGGD2A_aYgBZdWhzSgzRdZ0a-EiSyAqq1t7srgcwTVqZVONu6oCGTYndb_hsyg8bf-1HrgGkwNeFML/s4000/fd20120722pba-1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="2012年7月,東京代代木公園的反核抗議。2012年夏天,福島核災一年後,日本的反核運動吸引了數萬人參加,這是日本自1960年代以來最大規模的示威活動。" border="0" data-original-height="2766" data-original-width="4000" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy0RdGHfbntGL6raScyLfiiNU86eSGL1Xe1QWWTHL05AwsxgfVpFJaP_tQ2QqB49Cq-WxuI2LsvzdtaYLhss4Unn_8_WTVZDA2bYYJ2TNtZJmU1VeGGD2A_aYgBZdWhzSgzRdZ0a-EiSyAqq1t7srgcwTVqZVONu6oCGTYndb_hsyg8bf-1HrgGkwNeFML/w320-h221/fd20120722pba-1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span lang="FR-CA">圖:2012</span><span lang="ZH-HK">年</span><span lang="FR-CA">7</span><span lang="ZH-HK">月,東京代代木公園的反核抗議。</span><span lang="FR-CA">2012</span><span lang="ZH-HK">年夏天,福島核災一年後,日本的反核運動吸引了數萬人參加,這是日本自</span><span lang="FR-CA">1960</span><span lang="ZH-HK">年代以來最大規模的示威活動。</span></span></p></blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">BH</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="FR-CA">HS</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:您聲稱自己並沒有受西方或俄國的馬克思主義的影響,而是強調日本馬克思主義的影響。日本馬克思主義的歷史,如何助您一般地理解馬克思主義和世界?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">柄谷行人</span></b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:這裡根本沒有所謂的日本馬克思主義,而是我們的馬克思主義者所面對一系列日本特有的問題。也就是說,他們所面對的是無法用歷史唯物主義公式解釋的現實。然而,這種經驗並非日本獨有。例如,毛澤東在面對中國的現實,超出馬克思主義原則的適用範圍,主張農民進行社會主義革命。這場農民革命對於其他發展中的民族國家也是適用的,因此具有一定的普遍意義。但這不應該被視為「馬克思主義中國化」的問題。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">為</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">了</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">進一步</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">講述</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我們的經驗,我以「德國馬克思主義」為例。法蘭克福學派</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">哲學家</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">必須從馬克思主義</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">被</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">納粹主義</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">挫</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">敗</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的面前</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">開始。他們非常重視所謂上層建築的相對自主性,甚至引</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">進</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以前被斥為資產階級意識形態的精神分析學</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">說</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。德國的經驗形成了這樣的馬克思主義。日本的一些馬克思主義者也有類似的經驗。他們也被法西斯主義</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">擊</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">敗了。但這就是日本特有的法西斯主義,即「天皇制法西斯主義」。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在歐洲,法西斯主義並不與君主制共存,那麼為什麼在日本可能出現天皇制法西斯主義呢?馬克思主義者必須解釋這一切。日共效法俄國馬克思主義者(共產國際),將日本的政治體制視為資本與天皇勾結、代表地主階級</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">利益</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的君主專制國家。顯然,他們的觀點是</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">建</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">基於經濟決定論。他們主張推翻</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">天</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">皇的君主</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">專制</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,但在</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這當時</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">提出這樣的主張是荒謬的。</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日本在</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">金融資本占主導地位</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">下,從</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1925</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年開始</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">已</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">實行普選,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日共</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">自然沒能培養出大量的</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">支持者</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。這不僅是因為他們受到</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">政治</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">迫害,而是因為他們失去了民眾的支持。</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這只</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">會</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">鼓舞</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">法西斯運動,將</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">天</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">皇視為反資本主義和反共產主義的象徵。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日本馬克思主義者被法西斯主義</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">徹底地擊</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">敗了。這促使一些馬克思主義者在戰後關注國家和</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">民</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">族,因為政治上層建築由經濟基礎決定的公式顯然是不夠的。他們求助於社會學、符號學、精神分析學等。其實這些人是日本馬克思主義</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">最優秀部分,但我</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對於</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">他們過度強調上層建築自主性而輕視經濟基礎的傾向</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,還是逐漸地分道揚鑣</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。我試著回</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">到</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">經濟基礎,但</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">從交換方式取代生產方式的角度出發。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在這方面,我想說我受到了馬克思主義經濟學家宇野</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">弘蔵</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的影響。他是一位專門研究馬克思《資本論》的經濟學家,但</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">他</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">從</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">屬於任何類型的左派政治,無論是新</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的或</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">舊的。在他看來,《資本論》是一門科學,而歷史唯物</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">主義</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">則是一種意識形態,為《資本論》提供了「</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">導引線</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">索</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">guiding thread</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。他也聲稱《資本論》可以證明資本主義經濟危機的必然性,但無法證明社會主義革命的必然性。我認為社會主義對宇野來說首先是一個道德實踐問題。他是一位康德</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">式</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">馬克思主義者,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">即使</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">他從未</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">明確地說</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">過。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZRAK1xRcExRqdHHZNX26eywaDDoITPm37b8qmwRBZ69qOnGbBnCegDvK3vt23QXiMHCKWrUtkKe6HNE_r_sdzZKHfQLkQXSZlvVAHodVcTTSnKOfBj_igI7C7-u8rwz3hExg_2BfEcNa9mA3nan2zb1DZnZfpf1FirsIx4UA9NNr0c2hTn582dX4AgfN9/s603/Uno_Kohzo.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="日本馬克思主義經濟學家宇野弘蔵,攝於1952年。他最著名的作品是1964年出版的《政治經濟學原理:純粹資本主義社會的理論》(Principles of Political Economy: Theory of a Purely Capitalist Society)一書,由關根友彥(Thomas T. Sekine)翻成英文,於1980 年出版。" border="0" data-original-height="603" data-original-width="600" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZRAK1xRcExRqdHHZNX26eywaDDoITPm37b8qmwRBZ69qOnGbBnCegDvK3vt23QXiMHCKWrUtkKe6HNE_r_sdzZKHfQLkQXSZlvVAHodVcTTSnKOfBj_igI7C7-u8rwz3hExg_2BfEcNa9mA3nan2zb1DZnZfpf1FirsIx4UA9NNr0c2hTn582dX4AgfN9/w318-h320/Uno_Kohzo.jpg" width="318" /></a></div><p></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-size: 12pt;">圖:日本馬克思主義經濟學家宇野弘蔵,攝於</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size: 12pt;">1952</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-size: 12pt;">年。他最著名的作品是</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size: 12pt;">1964</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-size: 12pt;">年出版的《政治經濟學原理:純粹資本主義社會的理論》(</span><i><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size: 12pt;">Principles of Political Economy: Theory of a Purely Capitalist Society</span></i><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-size: 12pt;">)一書,由關根友彥(</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size: 12pt;">Thomas T. Sekine</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-size: 12pt;">)翻成英文,於</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size: 12pt;">1980 </span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-size: 12pt;">年出版。</span></span></o:p></span></p></blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對宇野來說,資本主義基本上就是商業資本主義。我認為,這</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">就</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是從貨幣和商品的交換來考慮資本主義經濟</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">——</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">交換方式</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">;</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">而馬克思主義者一般是從資</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">產階級</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和無產階級來考慮</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">資本主義經濟——生產方式</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。你可以看到</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">宇野</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是如何為我的理論鋪路的。但他確實沒有</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">想過</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國家和</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">民</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">族。</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這一切都是為了</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">說</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">明</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我的觀點和思想</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的形成,都是在</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我們的馬克思主義</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">流派之中</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。其實,我學習宇野經濟學不是因為我是馬克思主義者,而是因為我是經濟系的學生。直到</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1970</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代,宇野</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">講授</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的《資本論》是東京大學法</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">律系</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和經濟系</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">學生必修課。這些學生有望成為政府機關和商界的</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">菁</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">英。有趣的是,當日本工業正在崛起並壓倒美國工業時,從宇野那裡</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">瞭</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">解到資本主義</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不可避免的</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">脆弱性的人們</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">聚集在</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">資本</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國家的核心。</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">隨著</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">學習</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">美國市場經濟理論</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的人</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">取代</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">了學習宇野經濟學的前一批人</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,日本經濟開始走下坡</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">了</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">BH</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="FR-CA">HS</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:您描述了兩次「跨批判」的政治斷裂,蘇聯解體和九一一事件,前者導致您撰寫了《跨批判》,後者使您著手研究交換方式。</span><span lang="ZH-HK"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">首先,是什麼使得康德對於理解馬克思和馬克思主義歷史是必需的?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">柄谷行人</span></b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對我來說,這不</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">止</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是一個理論問題。我一寫完這本書,就發起了一場名為</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">新聯合</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">體</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">運動</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的社會運動。這</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">個</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">舉動在某種程度上揭示了我寫作《</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">跨批判</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">》的目的和意圖,尤其是在實踐層面。詹</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">明信(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Fredric
Jameson</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對該書的評價是:</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「在</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">康德和馬克思之間建立了新的關係,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以及在</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">馬克思主義和</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">無政府</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">主義之間建立了一種新的綜合。</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這確實</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">抓住了一切</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span><st1:chsdate day="11" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="9" w:st="on" year="2001"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2001</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">9</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">11</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">之後,我回到了康德</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">與</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">馬克思的關係</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">原因如下:</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1990</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代末,反對全球資本主義的運動</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在各地發生</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。我懷著那段時期的樂觀情緒寫了《</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">跨批判</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">》,然而這種樂觀情緒</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">被九一一事件</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和隨</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">後反全球化運動所受到的打壓而中止</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。我覺得國際運動注定會分裂。事實上,蓋達組織似乎是哈特</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Michael Hardt</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和奈格里</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Antonio Negri</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所說的「</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">諸</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">眾反抗」的完美例子</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">恐</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">襲發生後,它不得不被排除在「</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">諸</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">眾」之外。</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">針對打擊</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">蓋達組織</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">發生的事情</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">並非</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">孤例</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,其他</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">反</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對資本和國家的國際運動也</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">連帶</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">受到某種程度的</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">侵</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">擾和中斷。</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我們</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有辦法避</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">開</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">嗎?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">回</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">顧</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">馬克思</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">與</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">巴枯寧</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,他們</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">都敏銳地意識到,社會主義革命應該是</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">進行的</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">世界</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同時</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">革命</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這就是他們</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">要</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">成立</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國際</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的原因。但在</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1870</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代之後,隨著帝國主義的出現,世界同</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">時</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">革命變得不可能。巴黎公社的</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">光</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">輝和苦難都顯示了這一點。</span><span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">馬克思</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是首先</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">反對巴黎的無政府主義者</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的起</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">義,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">即使</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">後來他寫了一篇悼念文章。因為在他看來,一個</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">民族</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國家的革命必然會被鄰</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">近的民族國家</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">鎮壓。</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">據此</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,帝國主義時期之後怎麼可能發生世界</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同時</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">革命呢?世界同</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">時</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">革命的思想仍然存在</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">至今</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,但只是一</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">句</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">口號。無論是馬克思主義者或無政府主義者,左派都抱持著一種毫無根據的信念,即世界各地的反抗將在自然</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">進</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">程中自發性地連結起來。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">面對這些問題,我又開始思考康德。我注意到康德實際上早於</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1789</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年法國大革命</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">前,</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">就</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有了民</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">族聯盟</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR-CA">federation of nations</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(自由國家)</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR-CA">free states</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的想法,這表明他的</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《論永</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">久和平</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">》</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1795</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年)不</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">止</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是人們普遍</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">認為的和平主義計劃。</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">雖然康德</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">熱</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">情</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">支持盧梭</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">式的</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公民革命,但他擔心如果這種革命發生在</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">單一的民族國家之內</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,它肯定會因其他國家的武裝</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">干涉</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">而受挫。正是出於這種考慮,他提議建立一</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">個民族</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">聯盟。可以說,這個聯</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">盟</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">被視為一場公民革命。用我的話來說,康德提出這一點不</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">止</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是為了和平主義,而是為了世界</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的同時</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">革命。對康德來說</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,永</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">久和平意味著消除</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">各民族</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">之間的一切敵對</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">狀態。</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這無非是廢除所有國家。由於一個國家是相對於其他國家而存在的,那麼根據廢除國家的革命</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的定義,</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如果革命</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">發生在</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">單一的民族國家之內</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">就</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">注定</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">失敗。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">從這個</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">視</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">角來看,康德</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">愧</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是提出</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">世界同時革命的先驅</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">者</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。康德和馬克思在這裡再次</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">交織一起</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。第一次世界大戰前後</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">發生了兩個世界</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">性</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歷史事件:</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一是建</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">基於馬克思思想</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">發生</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的俄國革命</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,二是建</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">基於康德思想</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">組成的</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國際聯盟。我們不應該問哪個比較重要。兩者都是必</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">需</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的,不應該分開。他們因為缺少對方</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,都失敗了</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。在發</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">生</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">世界</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同時的</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">革命中,我們將看到它們結合在一起。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">BH</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="FR-CA">HS</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:正如您在《世界史的結構》引言中所解釋的那樣,您在接觸了黑格爾之後,認為創建一個完整的分析體系變得需要。是什麼促使您轉向黑格爾?您之前轉向康德又是如何影響您考慮轉向黑格爾的?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">柄谷行人</span></b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我從個性上</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">而言,近乎</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不喜歡黑格爾的</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">體</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">系型思維。事實上,我在《</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">跨批判</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">》中的目標之一就是解構黑格爾邏輯。但在</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">此</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">書完成時,我注意到我的理論類似黑格爾體系。黑格爾在他的《法哲學</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">原理</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">》中也辯證地</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">領會</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">了</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">三位一體的</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">資本、</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">民</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">族和國家。馬克思又批評這是唯心主義,將其扳</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">正</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">過來,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">並</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">將這個三位一體分解為經濟基礎和上層建築。國家和</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">民</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">族被置於上層建築之中。國家</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、民族(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">譯註:原文是</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">nature</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,應為</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">nation</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的筆誤</span></i><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)與</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">哲學</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">文學都屬於上層建築。但</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">前者</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">與後者不同的是,前者直接源自於經濟基礎。從交換方式的角度來看就很清楚了。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">透過引</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">進</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">交換方式的概念,提出了資本</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">–國</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">族</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">–</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國家的概念。我意識到在某種程度上</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,我</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">回到了黑格爾。基於</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">相同</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">原因,我理解了</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">身</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">為黑格爾批判者的馬克思</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">為什麼驚人</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">地</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">忠實地</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">使</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">用黑格爾的邏輯學作為《資本論》的框架。這對於馬克思</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">而言,</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">揭示商品交換轉</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">化</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">為資本主義龐大體系的整個過程是必</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">需</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的。我嘗試做</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的是</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同樣的事情,但涉及所有四種</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">交換</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">方</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">式而不僅僅是一種,還要澄清它們的關係。對於這種嘗試,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">體</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">系的方法是必不可少的。我甚至想知道我的</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">D</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">方</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">式</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">譯按:柄谷行人交換方式理論中互酬原則的強迫回歸</i>)</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和黑格爾的</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">絕對精神</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">之間有什麼相似之處。當然,正如《資本論》不同於黑格爾的《邏輯學》一樣,我的</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">書也不同於黑格爾的《法哲學</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">原理</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">》。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">BH</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="FR-CA">HS</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是什麼讓</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">您所提出</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的康德視差</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Kantian parallax</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">與黑格爾辯證法</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有所</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不同?康德的視差觀</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是否</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">為我們提供一種批判性地理解和改變</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">當下社會、亦是</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我們</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">探討</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">資本主義</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歷史辯證</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所失的方法</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">柄谷行人</span></b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我引用了康德早期作</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">品</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《精神先知的夢》</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">Dreams of a Spirit-Seer</span></i><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中視差</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">觀</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的隱喻,以闡明他在《純粹理性批判》中的辯證</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">法</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。黑格爾說,康德列舉了四</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">組二律背反</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的例子,但實際上矛盾是無數</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的和</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">無</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">處</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不在的,只要辯證地對待,它們都是可以</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">被</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">揚棄的。但我認為康德所說的「二律背反」並不是那種</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">無處不</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在的矛盾,而是那種無論你如何辯證地看待都永遠無法解決的矛盾。</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">話雖如此</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">第一</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">組</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和第二</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">組的二律背反</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">其實是可以解決的。如你所知,第一</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">組二律背反</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是這樣的:「</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">正命題</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">宇宙(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">譯按:原文用</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">world</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,應該是</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">universe</span></i><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在時間上有</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">起點</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,在空間上</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">也</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有限</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">制</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">反命題</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">宇宙在時間</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和空間</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">上</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">都是無限的。</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">根據康德的觀點,這裡的正</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">命</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">題和反</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">命</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">題都是假的,因為可以證明雙方都是真的。今天,數學家和物理學家談論的是無限膨脹之類的東西,也就是說,空間實際上可以是有限的,也可以是無限的。不管怎樣,這是可以解決的。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同時,第三</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">組二律背反</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不同</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">類型。在我看來,這是唯一真正的</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二律背反</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。事情是這樣的</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:「正命題</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">除了自然法則之外,尚</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有自</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">由意志</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">反命題</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:沒有自由</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">意志</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">宇宙中</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的一切都完全按照自然法則決定。</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">康德的結論是兩者都是真</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">且相容的。由此,康德提出了一個無法解決的</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二律背反</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我覺得馬克思</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">就像</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">康德一樣,在《資本論》中發現了一個真正的二律背反──使用價值和交換價值之間的矛盾。根據古典經濟學家的觀點,每種商品都具有使用價值和交換價值。但除非商品與其他商品交換,否則它們就不可能具有交換價值或使用價值。未</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">賣掉</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的商品將被</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">完全</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">地丟棄。交換方式</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">C</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">譯按:指柄谷行人交換方式理論中通過貨</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">幣</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">為媒介的交換</span></i><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本質上就伴隨著這樣的風險。馬克思稱之為商品的</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">salto mortale</span></i><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">致命</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">飛躍)。這種風險通常透過信</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">貸</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">體系來規避,但最終會以信</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">貸</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">緊縮的形式暴露出來。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">馬克思在《資本論》中比其他任何地方都更忠於黑格爾的邏輯。但不同之處在於,黑格爾的「精神」最終克服了矛盾並實現了自身,而馬克思的「資本」卻無法克服最初的矛盾(使用價值和交換價值),並</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">埋下</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">了不可避免的危機。在這方面,馬克思</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《資本論》的辯證法</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">類似於康德的辯證法,而不是黑格爾的辯證法。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">BH</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="FR-CA">HS</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:雖然您警告不要在流通方式和生產方式之間建立輕率的對比,但您在最近的作品中強調了流通方式並透過它來閱讀歷史。我們從建基於流通方式而非生產方式的分析中得到了什麼?消費政治是否加深了我們對資本主義的理解?如果是,是如何加深的?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">柄谷行人</span></b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">馬克思主義者一直優先考慮</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">工運來推翻資本主義。我並不反對這</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">點。問題是,由於</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">諸</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">種原因,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">生產</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">線上</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的工運</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">發展</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">變得越來越困難</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,它面對</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">其中之一</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的挑戰的就是</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">資本</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">代表</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的反擊。以日本為例,</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1980</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代,國</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">營</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">鐵路被私</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">營</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">化,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">藉</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">此解散了可以隨意發動總罷工的</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">強大</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">工會。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">另一個</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">原因</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是生產流程的</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">改</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">變</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">IT</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的引入</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">等等,</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">導致工作環境和條件的變化。現在很多人找不到固定工作,被迫從事各種臨時工作。工人沒有共同</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">基礎</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,無法走在一起。加入工會的比率顯著下降。同時,自</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1960</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代以來,公民、消費者和各少數群體的運動變得活躍。這些人認為工運已經過時了。但是,我不同意。在這些公民、消費者或少數群體中,有誰不是工人</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">呢</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">?嗯,肯定有,但沒有那麼多。那麼,這些運動是不是也可以說是不同形式的工運呢?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">馬克思在《政治經濟學批判大綱》中做了重要的論述:資本積</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">累</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">M-C-M'</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)不是透過簡單地在工作場所剝削工人來實現的,而是只有當工人在市場上購</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">回</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">自己的產品時才能實現。大多數消費者是工人或其家庭成員。因此,我想,消費者只不過是站在流通過程中的工人。人們在關係網絡中的位置比他們是誰更重要。</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">據</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">此,消費者運動也是工運的一種形式</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,兩者</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不應該分開。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">就此而言</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,當我在</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1990</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代住在紐約時,我看到一群人站在我家附近的熟食店前,呼籲</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">杯葛</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「血汗工</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">場</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」。熟食店的員工們工作得好像什麼事都沒發生一樣。後來我才知道他們的策略。如果</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">該店</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">員工</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">自己出來示威</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,他們就有失去工作的風險</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">於是其他人就來給他們示威。員工也在其他場合到其他商店進行示威。我發現這</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">招</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">非常聰明。此後,我在城市的不同地方多次遇到這種示威方式。</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">杯葛</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">運動通常被理解為消費者運動,但實際上也是工運。重點是在更容易戰鬥的地方戰鬥。</span><span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">除此之外,消費者運動和</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">工</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">運不應該分開</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">它們結合起來會更強大。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">社會民主</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">派說</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,透過國家權力,他們可以控制資本主義經濟,公正地重新分配財富,提供社會福利等等。但這只能在有限的地點和時間內實現。最重要的是,這一切仍然是資本</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">–民</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">族</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">–</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國家三位一體機制的一部分,實際上有助於資本主義的生存。為了克服資本主義,我們需要不同的策略。一方面,我們需要與資本和國家鬥爭,同時</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">要</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">為我們的生計創造獨立於資本主義的空間。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在我</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">新聯合體</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">運動的原則》</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的宣言</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中,我確</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">認</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">了兩種類型的鬥爭:內部</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和外部</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。前者是對抗資本及其內部的國家</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,以</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">工會和政治鬥爭</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">為例</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。後者是創造非資本主義經濟</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以合作</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">社</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">地貨幣為例。兩者本質上不同,但可以相輔相成。</span><span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我們應該同時使用它們。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">BH</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="FR-CA">HS</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我想問</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">您</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">關於歷史</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重演</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的概念,即歷史的某個階段可能與前一個階段相似,</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這是</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">因為</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">三位一體的</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">資本</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">–民</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">族</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">–</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國家</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的持續存在,</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">處於新的</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">格局之</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中。例如,</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">您</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">認為波拿巴主義現在又回來了。但是,</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">馬克思</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">時代</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">需要波拿巴主義</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的政治問題,它</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是否已經從</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">根</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本上改變了呢?階段</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">論的歷史</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">觀</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是否</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">釐</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">清了對資本再生產這一更</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">基</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本現象的認識以及我們必須掌握這一現象的任務?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">柄谷行人</span></b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:我</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">過去在著作中廣泛</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">地</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">論述了波拿巴主義。但我</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">已</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有點離</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">開</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">了這個題</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">目</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。儘管如此,我對馬克思在《</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">波拿巴的</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">霧月十八日》中討論的歷史重</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">演的</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">問題很感興趣。</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這裡</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有兩個面向:國家和資本的重</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">演</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。歷史的重演就像佛洛伊德所說的「被壓抑的回歸」一樣。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">古</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">羅馬,凱撒被暗殺</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但是,這導致了皇帝的</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">產生</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,將警察</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">制度</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">推向了一個帝國。可以說,這個過程在</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">近</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">代法國又重演了一次。國王被革命者送上斷頭台,但以不同的形式回來了,成為拿破崙皇帝。這個過程在</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1848</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年第二次法國大革命期間再次重</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">演</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。馬克思注意到了這種重</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">演</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。在這裡,我們不應該忽視馬克思指出的另一個重</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">演</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">——</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1851</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年發生的經濟危機</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這是波拿巴從總統</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">攀</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">升為皇帝的另一個因素。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">簡而言之,國家和資本都包含著一些重</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">演</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的元素,它們共同創造了歷史的重</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">演</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">今天,我強烈感覺到東亞正在發生歷史重演。東亞當前的地緣政治結構是由</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1894</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中日戰爭所塑造的,而這場戰爭恰好發生在一百二十年前。</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我所知,這是一個週期的大致長度。這裡涉及的參與者包括中國、台灣、北韓</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">南韓、日本、沖繩(琉球),以及非常重要的美國和俄羅斯。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">現在看來我們正處於戰爭的邊緣。我覺得有必要從資本和國家的重</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">演</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">性所造成的歷史重</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">演</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的角度來理解這種情況。但我對那些說</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">現在正重演</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1930</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代的人持批評態度。</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1930</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代,中國</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">正處於</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分裂</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">狀態</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,韓國和台灣完全</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">淪為殖民地。然而,在</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1890</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代,中國是一個龐大的帝國,日本和美國作為帝國主義國家相互勾結。</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1890</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">相</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">比</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1930</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代與今天更</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">為</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">相似,這不是很明顯嗎?不用說,類似的危機正在世界其他地方發生。在我看來,這種情況本質上是舊帝國與</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">近</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">代帝國主義的問題。我試圖在《世界史</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">結構》和最近出版的《帝國</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">結構》一書中闡明這一點。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">BH</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="FR-CA">HS</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:在《世界史的結構》中,您同意革命如果要成功就必須在全世界擴展。許多人認為,托洛茨基和列寧在俄國發動了革命,以便革命擴展到德國並在全世界繼續下去。這就是他們的目的嗎?他們是否錯誤地認為革命可能會擴展到俄羅斯以外?如果我們將其視為世界革命的一次真正的嘗試,儘管失敗了,那麼這次失敗是否使世界革命在當下變得幾乎是必需的呢?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">柄谷行人</span></b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我懷疑托洛斯基和列寧是否認真考慮過世界同時革命的可能性。</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1917</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年二月革命後,俄國出現了兩</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">種</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">議會:議</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">會杜馬</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和蘇維埃,可以說分別代表資產階級民主和無產階級民主。布爾什維克在這兩</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">者中</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">都是少數派。隨後,托洛</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">茨</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">基和列寧</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">即使</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">遭到除斯大林之外的所有布爾什維克幹部的反對</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">下,</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">策劃了所謂的十月革命——實際上是一場軍事政變。這次政變不僅</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">解散</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">了議會,也使蘇維埃民主逐步轉變為布爾什維克獨裁。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">更重要的是,十月革命對德國來說是個好消息,德國軍隊因此</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">可</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">從東線</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">調動</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">出來。</span><span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">毫無疑問,它推遲了德國的革命。事實上,德國一開始就是為了這個目的而幫助列寧從瑞士返回俄</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的。所以我認為托洛</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">茨</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">基和列寧並沒有認真期待德國接下來的革命。他們可能預料到了這一點,但出於不同的考慮。一旦德國戰敗,革命肯定會在那裡發生。但這種前景讓他們想到提前在俄</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">掌權。他們優先考慮在國際革命運動中的領導權和霸權,而不是世界</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同時</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">革命。以列寧或</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">托</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">洛</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">茨</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">基為基礎的世界革命</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的想像</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是徒勞無功的。儘管如此,我認為世界同時革命的想法不該被</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">拋</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">棄。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">黑格爾在《法哲學</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">原理</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">》中批評了康德的</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">民族</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">聯</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">盟</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">觀念,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">認</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">為它只有在強大國家的支持下才能發揮作用,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">即</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有能力懲罰違反國際法的行為。對黑格爾來說,沒有霸權(或世界歷史</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國家),就沒有和平。這樣的觀點至今仍很流行。當聯合國反對美國在伊拉克戰爭上的單邊主義政策時,一位美國新保守主義理論家批評聯合國及其支持者,認為他們只是在表達「康德</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">式</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">唯心主義」。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">康德的</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">民族</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">聯盟真的是一種唯心主義嗎?它</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是否</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">缺乏軍事或金融方面的實際力量的基礎?當然,它不是基於這樣的權力,但它也不</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是簡單地是唯心主義。它是基於一種不同的權力,儘管康德本人沒有具體說明它是什麼。交換方式的概念對於解釋這一點是必不可少的。我根據權力屬於哪種交換方式來區分各種權力。例如,政治或軍事力量與交換方式</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">B</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有關,金錢的力量來自方式</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">C</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。還有一種力量,來自方式</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">A</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,那就是</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">互酬</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">力量。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">舉個例子,在部落社會,如果有人沒有</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">回</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">饋</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">酬禮</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,那麼這個人就會被詛咒。他或她被社會排</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">擠</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或驅逐,這對他們來說等</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">死亡。出於對這類</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">情況</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的恐懼,人們從不違反規則。在這樣的社會裡,國家不需要</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">作出</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">懲罰。可以說,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">互酬</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的力量與社</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">群</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或輿論的力量是一</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">樣的</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。從這個意義上說</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,互酬</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的力量並不是原始社會所獨有的。</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">交換方</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">式</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">D</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,是</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">方</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">式</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">A</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在更高維度上的</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">回歸</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">它</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">也具有這種</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">充沛</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">互酬</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">力量,但僅限</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">更高</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">階</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的形式。如果你願意的話,你可以稱之為愛的力量。永久和平或世界共和國</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">將建立在這個比其他</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">力量更強大得多</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的真正實力之上。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">讓我們假設</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一個</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">民族</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國家公開</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">表示</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">放棄發動戰爭的權利</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,那麼,</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">任何國家都不能入侵它,因為如果這樣做,肯定會受到國際社會的</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">譴</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">責或驅逐。放棄軍事力</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">量</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">會為</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">民族</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國家帶來真正的力量,即</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">互酬</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或愛的力量。我想,將世界共和國變成現實的力量</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一定是這樣</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">子</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的。以軍事</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">金融</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">力量對抗國家和資本,在邏輯上是錯誤的。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">墨西哥恰帕斯州的薩帕塔遊擊隊</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">譯按:全名「</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">薩帕塔</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">民族解放軍」</span></i><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">透過網路廣泛傳</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">播</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">自己的觀點和</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">處境</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,並得到了包括聯合國在內的世界各地個人和團體的支持</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這使得墨西哥政府無法</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">干涉</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。薩帕塔</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">當地原住民的反抗,</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">通常被稱為資訊科技時代的一場新革命,但在我看來,它的力量在於</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">確立已久</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">互酬</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或社</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">群</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的力量。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">另一個例子</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,就</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1950</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="FR-CA">19</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">60</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代的所謂第三世界運動,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">它們</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">沒有武器和金錢就能對抗第一</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">世界</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和第二世界。正如</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">維賈.</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">普拉沙德</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Vijay
Prashad</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在他的《黑暗國</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">度</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:第三世界人民的歷史》</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">Darker Nations: A People's
History of the Third World</span></i><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)(</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2</span><span lang="FR-CA">007</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中生動描述的那樣,他們求助於聯合國。他們一定已經意識到聯合國固有的權力。這就是</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">互酬</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的力量,也是國際社會的力量。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">確實,今天的聯合國可以說已經陷入了金錢和軍火的統治之下。</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">即使</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如此,它仍然具有轉變為康德式</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">民族</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">聯盟的良好潛力。為此,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在每個民族</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國家針對資本和國家的</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">反制運動</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">也是必</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">需</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的。如果聯合國</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能斡旋</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這些</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">造反</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,他們就不會分</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">化</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">那麼,</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">各個民族</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國家的</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">革命將會統一起來,創造世界</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同時</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">革命</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>驛站http://www.blogger.com/profile/11378808425722503912noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-361642193953372193.post-55920280699771182672023-10-31T09:03:00.012+01:002023-11-11T21:16:55.893+01:00補闕《精神疾病製造商》被刪掉的原作者中文版序言與譯註<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
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<b><span lang="ZH-HK"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span>簡要說明<span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></span></span></b>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-HK">關於 </span><i><span lang="FR-CA">Politics of the Mind : Marxism and Mental Distress </span></i><span face="新細明體" style="font-size: 12pt;">一書,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK">中文版書名<a href="https://www.books.com.tw/products/0010834609">《精神疾病製造商:資本社會如何剝奪你的快樂?》</a>,並非譯者主意。第二,原作者 Iain Ferguson 為中文版特地撰寫的序言,被編輯在沒有通知作者和譯者的情況下刪掉了。第三,為方便讀者瞭解,譯者</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK">對原著裡出現的有關馬克思主義心理學和批判精神醫學的人物、名詞而寫的譯註,亦被編輯刪掉了。</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK">第四,編輯有改錯譯文的地方。因此,譯者在自己的部落格內一併補上</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK">。希望讀者留意。</span></p>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span face="新細明體">原作者中</span></b><b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK">文版</span></b></span><b><span face="新細明體"><span style="font-size: large;">序言</span><br /></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b>
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<span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">伊恩‧弗格森(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Iain Ferguson</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><b><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></b>
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<span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我很高</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">興為《<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">Politics of the Mind</span></i>》的中譯本寫一篇簡短序言。我在</span><span lang="FR-CA">2017</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">年寫作此書,基於三個原因。首先,試圖理解在全球範圍內像流行病</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">般</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">出現的精神疾病問題。根據世界衛生組織(</span><span lang="FR-CA">World Health Organisation</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">)的統計,全世界約有</span><span lang="FR-CA">3.5</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">億人患有憂鬱症,令它成為世界上人們患有障礙(</span><span lang="FR-CA">disability</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">)的主要病症。我們怎樣才能瞭解這個情感痛苦的浩瀚之海?第二,我希望以批判審視的角度,並且若有需要,對過去和現在有關精神損害的一些理論提出挑戰。在本書中,我闡述了精神分析傳統以及</span><span lang="FR-CA">1960</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">和</span><span lang="FR-CA">1970</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">年代的「反精神醫學」運動的優點與缺點。然而,我批評的主要焦點,集中是精神疾病的生物醫學模式。該模式斷言,精神損害(或「精神疾病」)主要是一種大腦狀況,其根源在於我們的基因或由於我們的生物化學因素,而最有效的醫療應變便是藥物,或以</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">電痙攣療法(</span><span lang="FR-CA">electroconvulsive therapy</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">身體治療</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。探討這種「醫療模式」,顯然有助我們瞭解東、西方對精神疾</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">病治療的宰制方式,尤其是它得到了全球製藥工業——「大製藥公司」——的支持。第三,我想探討馬克思主義的方法——尤其是馬克思的異化理論——在多大程度上可以幫助我們瞭解這種痛苦情緒的流行成因,並指出可以以集體方式對其作出挑戰。</span>
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<span face="新細明體" lang="FR-CA" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">這書的中心論點是,當前精神疾病流行的主要原因,不在於我們的生物化學或基因因素。相反,精神損害主要是由於我們生活中發生的事情,正如<span style="color: black;">某位作家</span>所說的那樣,「發生在你身上的不幸事情,令你發瘋」(譯註
1)。正如我在第一章中所論述的,這些「不幸事情」的發生不是隨機的。它們與貧困、不平等、無力感和工作壓力等密切相關,這些都是在全球新自由主義的資本主義下,從<span style="color: black;">加利福尼亞</span>到<span style="color: black;">北京</span>無數人的日常生活經歷。雖然我們需要更多和更好的精神健康服務,其中包括提供更多可以幫助人們理解生活的「談話療法」,但我們也需要對造成精神疾病的成因作出挑戰。正如我在最後一章所論證的,我們對於權力的理解,來自對壓迫、剝削和異化的集體反抗,其亦對我們的精神健康有所裨益,不論是為了爭取更合理工資和養老金的廣州工廠工人的鬥爭,還是香港的活躍分子爭取的民主權利,或是全球女性對數十年來女性受到的性騷擾和侵犯作出拒絕的</span><span lang="FR-CA">#MeToo</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">運動。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">最後,我得承認,關於此書的中譯本,我積欠了一些人情。第一,是我的香港</span>「進步社會工作網絡」的朋友們和同志們,特別是我非常好的朋友林致良。我生命中其中一個美好時刻是在<span lang="FR-CA">2010</span>年<span lang="FR-CA">6</span>月的香港,我的同事拉瓦萊特(<span lang="FR-CA">Michael Lavalette</span>)與我有幸受到邀請作為講者,出席由林安排的在一個社區中心舉行的講座,主題是「馬克思主義與社會福利」,該講座約有三十多名年輕的社會工作者和社會照護工作者參加。我不會忘記這些熱情、政治敏銳和具承擔的年輕社工和照護員。我從他們身上學到不少東西。
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<span face="新細明體" lang="FR-CA" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">第二,我非常感謝宋治德願意承擔本書的翻譯工作。我只能猜想,從語言和概念上使書中論點對於中文讀者具意義和可理解的,是一項巨大的挑戰。但從另一方面來看克服這個挑戰的客觀條件,也就是新自由主義全球化的影響。它們對香港、台灣和中國大陸面對壓力和精神健康問題的客服中心、精神健康中心和社會工作部門等的工作人員的影響,可能與英國和美國的同行(希望藉本書能幫助瞭解這種體驗且提供一些辦法——個人或集體的——來解決這些問題),並不會有很大的不同。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span>
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<span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">格拉斯哥</span>
<span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">蘇格蘭</span>
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<span lang="FR-CA">2018</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="FR-CA">12</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span>
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譯註 1 :<span face="新細明體">來自</span><span lang="EN-GB">J Dillon, L Johnstone and E Longden, “Trauma, Dissociation, Attachment and
Neuroscience: a New Paradigm for Understanding Severe Mental Distress” in E
Speed, J Moncrieff and M Rapley (eds), <i>De-medicalizing Misery ii</i>,
2014, p226.</span>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁數:</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></b>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br /> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁</span><span lang="FR-CA">18</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br /> </span></b><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br /> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「六八學運世代」</span></b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:原譯稿為「六八世代」(</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">68 generation</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),並非限定指涉學生群體。</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br /> </span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">六八世代,泛指一個反資本主義和挑戰傳統道德價值的激進青年的一代。當時在美國國內青年反越戰運動進行得如火如荼,同時</span><span lang="FR-CA">1960</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代中反傳統價值的嬉皮士文化亦乘時而起。另外,在歐洲大陸的法國,由罷課學生發動的反戴高樂政府的「五月風暴」,這股青年造反運動蔓延到歐洲其他國家,包括東歐。</span>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「坦南特」</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">(</span><span lang="FR-CA">David Tennant</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">)</span></b><span lang="FR-CA"><br /> </span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本書人名翻譯基本只翻姓氏而不翻名字。除非是約定俗成,或者有相同姓氏、姓氏太普遍而容易引起混淆,便同時附上名字。</span>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">Mad to be normal</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」</span></b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:編輯用了中國大陸公映的電影譯名。</span><span lang="FR-CA"><br /> </span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">電影</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">Mad to be Normal</span></i><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,台灣和香港都沒有公映,但在中國大陸有公映,中譯名為《瘋癲之翼》。而《以瘋為常》,是譯者看過影片後在本書用的譯名。</span>
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<b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「塞奇威克」</span></b>
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<span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">塞奇威克(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Peter Sedgwick</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><st1:chsdate day="9" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="3" w:st="on" year="1934"><span lang="FR-CA">09/03/1934</span></st1:chsdate><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—估計</span><span lang="FR-CA">08/09/1983</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),英國馬克思主義思想家、社會運動者。塞奇威克在利物浦長大,後來獲取獎學金入讀牛津大學巴利奧爾(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Balliol</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)學院,並在那裡畢業。他大學年代加入英國共產黨,因為蘇聯於</span><span lang="FR-CA">1956</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年出兵鎮壓匈牙利人民起義而脫離英共,加入了英國托洛茨基主義派別的國際社會主義者(</span><span lang="FR-CA">International Socialists</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)(後來的社會主義工人黨(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Socialist Workers Party</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)前身)。塞奇威克著作之一《體驗的政治》(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">Psychopolitics</span></i><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),便是從馬克思主義角度探討精神疾病的問題,引起廣泛討論,本書第四章有詳述。同時,塞奇威克亦是比利時無政府主義革命家、作家塞爾日(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Victor Serge</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)自傳《一個革命者的回憶錄》(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">Memoirs of a Revolutionary</span></i><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的譯者。</span><st1:chsdate day="8" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="9" w:st="on" year="1983"><span lang="FR-CA">1983</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="FR-CA">9</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="FR-CA">8</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,他的屍體在他家附近的河流被人發現。</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「</span><span lang="FR-CA">U</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">ser</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」</span></b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:原譯稿譯為「精神健康服務使用者」,被改為「使用者」。</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span>
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<span lang="FR-CA">User</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在原著的使用(英國用語),整個意思是「精神健康服務使用者」,本書一概譯為這個名稱;而相應的意思,美國則稱為</span><span lang="FR-CA">Mental Health Consumer</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,「精神健康消費者」。另外,</span><span lang="FR-CA">Survivor</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,中文的精神醫學名詞有譯為「倖存者」,譯者認為容易將克服精神障礙的人與逃過災難、戰爭等的人混淆,所以本書一概譯為「挺過困難者」。</span>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Mental distress</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」</span></b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:原譯稿譯為「精神損害」。</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span>
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<span lang="FR-CA">Mental distress</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在本書譯為「精神損害」,如果譯作「痛苦」,有點寬泛。而且,為了與原著中使用如</span><span lang="FR-CA">suffering</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="FR-CA">pain</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">等指涉一般意義痛苦有所區別,以及凸顯</span><span lang="FR-CA">distress</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在本書脈絡含有精神疾病症狀或障礙的意涵,譯者採用「損害」一詞。</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁</span><span lang="FR-CA">25</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></b>
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<b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">米爾斯(</span><span lang="FR-CA">C Wright Mills</span></b><b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></b>
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<span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">米爾斯(</span><span lang="FR-CA">C Wright Mills</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><st1:chsdate day="28" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="8" w:st="on" year="1916"><span lang="FR-CA">28/08/1916</span></st1:chsdate><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—</span><span lang="FR-CA">20/03/1962</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),美國</span><span lang="FR-CA">20</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">世紀最具影響力的左翼社會學家之一。主要著作《權力菁英》(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">The Power Elite</span></i><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)(台灣有出版中譯本,王逸舟譯,</span><span lang="FR-CA">1994</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,桂冠出版社)、《社會學的想像力》(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">The Sociological Imagination</span></i><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)和《白領:美國的中產階級》(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">White Collar :The American Middle Classes</span></i><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)(這三本書在中國大陸也有出版中譯本)。米爾斯提倡知識分子的公共責任和政治參與。他的著作對美國</span><span lang="FR-CA">1960</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代左翼社會運動產生重要影響。</span><span lang="FR-CA">1960</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,他去蘇聯訪問,因為不滿蘇聯斯大林主義體制的出版審查制度,特地在祝酒期間高呼:「為托洛茨基的全部著作有一天能在蘇聯出版而乾杯」。米爾斯同年訪問古巴,與領導人卡斯楚、切.格瓦格會面,他對社會主義的古巴印象良好。</span>
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<span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁</span><span lang="FR-CA">28</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></b>
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<b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「緊縮政策」</span></b>
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<span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台灣媒體將</span><span lang="FR-CA">Austerity</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">譯為「撙節」,但它在中文裡是個褒義詞,與浪費相反的節約意思。但現在</span><span lang="FR-CA">Austerity</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在英文語境的實際意涵較為負面,它不止是「節約」的意思,甚至是取消或削減基層民眾既有的社會福利保障。</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span>
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<span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">由歐盟、歐洲央行和國際貨幣基金會要求希臘政府實施的緊縮政策,自希臘</span><span lang="FR-CA">2008</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年金融崩盤後開始,而到了</span><span lang="FR-CA">2015</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年提出要接受更為嚴酷的緊縮政策。有興趣進一步瞭解的讀者,可以瀏覽以下網頁</span><span lang="FR-CA"><a href="https://issuu.com/marxists.archive.chinese">https://issuu.com/marxists.archive.chinese</a></span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">內《希臘公投》與《希臘公投與工人階級反緊縮鬥爭》的線上專刊,有關緊縮政策對希臘普羅民眾帶來的禍害(包括作者提到的自殺人數上升)和</span><span lang="FR-CA">Syriza</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">上台後違背原初立場的蛻變。</span>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁</span><span lang="FR-CA">30</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></b>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b><b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">哈曼(</span></b><b><span lang="FR-CA">Chris Harman</span></b><b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></b>
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<span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">哈曼(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Chris Harman</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><st1:chsdate day="8" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="11" w:st="on" year="1942"><span lang="FR-CA">08/11/1942</span></st1:chsdate><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—</span><span lang="FR-CA">07/11/2009</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),英國馬克思主義經濟學家,英國社會主義工人黨的重要理論家之一。</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span>
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<span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">連恩(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">R.D.Laing</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></b>
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<span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">連恩(</span><span lang="FR-CA">R.D.Laing</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><st1:chsdate day="7" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="10" w:st="on" year="1927"><span lang="FR-CA">07/10/1927</span></st1:chsdate><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—</span><span lang="FR-CA">23/08/1989</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)(又譯作萊恩),蘇格蘭精神病學家。他在</span><span lang="FR-CA">1960</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年發表《分裂的自我:對健全與瘋狂的生存論研究》(</span><span lang="FR-CA"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Divided Self: An Existential Study in Sanity and Madness</i></span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)一書(中國大陸已出版中譯本),引起廣泛關注。本書作者在第四章集中討論連恩的學說。台灣亦出版了他其中一個兒子</span><span lang="FR-CA">Adrian Laing</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對他的回憶《瘋狂與存在:反精神醫學的傳奇名醫</span><span lang="FR-CA">R.D.Laing</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">》(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">R.D.Laing :A biography</span></i><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),連芯譯,</span><span lang="FR-CA">2012</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,心靈工坊出版社。</span>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁</span><span lang="FR-CA">32<br /> </span></b><span lang="FR-CA"><br /> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">薩斯(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Thomas Szasz</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA"> </span></b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">薩斯(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Thomas Szasz</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><st1:chsdate day="15" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="4" w:st="on" year="1920"><span lang="FR-CA">15/04/1920</span></st1:chsdate><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—</span><span lang="FR-CA">08/09/2012</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),匈牙利裔美國精神病學家、精神分析師。他職業生涯的大部分時間,都在紐約州錫拉丘茲(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Syracuse</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的紐約州立大學上洲醫科大學(</span><span lang="FR-CA">State University of New York Upstate Medical University</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)工作,他亦是美國精神醫學學會(</span><span lang="FR-CA">American Psychiatric Association</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)和美國精神分析協會(</span><span lang="FR-CA">American Psychoanalytic Association</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的終身會員。薩斯為人熟悉的,是他一生堅持不懈地批評精神醫學,認為現代社會的醫學目標是追求社會控制和唯科學主義,而他是立基於自由意志主義(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Libertarianism</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的古典哲學傳統,提出人對自身的身體和精神所具有的自我所有權(</span><span lang="FR-CA">self-ownership</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。他的著名作品,包括有《精神疾病的神話》(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">The Myth of Mental Illness</span></i><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)(</span><span lang="FR-CA">1961</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)和《製造瘋癲》(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">The Manufacture of Illness</span></i><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)(</span><span lang="FR-CA">1970</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。而在《精神疾病的神話》一書中,薩斯認為精神醫學模糊了社會上可以接受的行為和疾病之間的分別,而剝奪了人作為道德施動者的義務,以及他反對將人診斷為「瘋癲」和強制送進精神病院的制度。</span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁</span><span lang="FR-CA">34<br /> </span></b><span lang="FR-CA"><br /> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「身體介入」(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Interventions</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA"> </span></b><span lang="FR-CA">Interventions</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,精神醫學名詞有譯為「處遇」。但考慮作者在本書所討論的脈胳,尤其第二章批評過去對於精神疾病普遍採用的醫療模式,例如電痙攣療法(</span><span lang="FR-CA">electroconvulsive therapy</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)、腦白質切除術(</span><span lang="FR-CA">lobotomy</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)和前額腦白質切除術(</span><span lang="FR-CA">leucotomy</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)等殘忍的方法,還是用「介入」為宜。</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁</span><span lang="FR-CA">35</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">多伊徹(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Isaac Deutscher</span></b><b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">多伊徹(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Isaac Deutscher</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><st1:chsdate day="3" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="4" w:st="on" year="1907"><span lang="FR-CA">03/04/1907</span></st1:chsdate><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—</span><span lang="FR-CA">19/08/1967</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),猶太裔波蘭人,作家、新聞工作者和社會活動家。二戰爆發時遷居英國。他的三卷本托洛茨基傳記(中譯名為《先知三部曲》):《武装的先知:托洛茨基</span><span lang="FR-CA">1879-1921</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">》(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">The Prophet Armed: Trotsky, 1879-1921</span></i><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)、《被解除武装的先知:托洛茨基</span><span lang="FR-CA">1921-1929</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年》(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">The Prophet Unarmed : Trotsky, 1921-1929</span></i><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)和《流亡的先知:托洛茨基</span><span lang="FR-CA">1929-1940</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">》(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">The Prophet Outcast: Trotsky, 1929-1940</span></i><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),公認為研究托洛茨基最權威的著作。</span>
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<p class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">齊娜(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Zina</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="FR-CA">Zinaida Volkova</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA"> </span></b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">齊娜(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Zinaida Lvovna Volkova</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><st1:chsdate day="27" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="3" w:st="on" year="1901"><span lang="FR-CA">27/03/1901</span></st1:chsdate><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—</span><span lang="FR-CA">05/01/1933</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),托洛茨基與第一任妻子索柯洛夫斯卡婭(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Aleksandra Sokolovskaya</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)所生的女兒。她先後的兩位丈夫,都死於斯大林的大清洗之中,她本身被斯大林流放出國,後來輾轉到了德國,就在希特勒上台前不久便自殺。</span>
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<p class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span>
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<p class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">思覺失調(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">psychosis</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span></b><span lang="FR-CA">Psychosis</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在本書一概譯為「思覺失調」</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">而</span><span lang="FR-CA">schizophrenia</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">譯為「思覺失調症」。</span>
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<p class="MsoNormal">
<b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB">37</span></b>
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<p class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">格拉斯</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Norman Geras</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span></b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">格拉斯</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Norman Geras</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><st1:chsdate day="25" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="8" w:st="on" year="1943"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">25/08/1943</span></st1:chsdate><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">18/10/2013</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">英國的政治理論學者</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">曾長期擔任《新左評論》</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">New Left Review</span></i><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">編委。他早期主要研究馬克思對於人性的看法,代表作之一《馬克思與人性:一個傳統的駁倒》(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">Marx and Human Nature</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span lang="FR-CA">Refutation of a Legend</span></i><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),提出馬克思並非否定一種普遍的人性觀存在,其與歷史唯物主義並不扞格。格拉斯晚年思想漸趨右傾,尤其在</span><span lang="FR-CA">2003</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年公開支持前美國總統小布希發動侵略伊拉克的戰爭。</span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span>
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<p class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁</span><span lang="FR-CA">38</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">伊格頓(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Terry Eagleton</span></b><b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></b>
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<span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK">伊格頓(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Terry Eagleton</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK">,</span><span lang="FR-CA">1943</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK">—),又譯作伊格爾頓,當今最具影響力的英國馬克思主義文學評論家、文化評論家。伊格頓出生於曼徹斯特附近的索爾福德(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Salford</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK">)一個天主教的工人階級家庭。</span><span lang="FR-CA">1961</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK">年入讀劍橋大學,但本身出身自工人階級家庭的伊格頓,與這所充滿貴族氣息的大學格格不入,而在學習期間參與校外的左翼政治運動。同時,伊格頓師從當時英國馬克思主義文化理論大師雷蒙.威廉斯(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Raymond Williams</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK">)而受他的影響,走入了西方馬克思主義的研究道路。伊格頓著作等身,他的不少著作,在中國大陸和台灣都分別有出版中譯本。有興趣進一步瞭解的讀者,可參閱「中文馬克思主義文庫」網頁的伊格頓作品資源區:</span><span lang="FR-CA"><a href="https://www.marxists.org/chinese/reference-books/terry-eagleton/index.htm">https://www.marxists.org/chinese/reference-books/terry-eagleton/index.htm</a></span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK">。</span>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">45<br /> </span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><br /> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">拉狄克</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Karl Radek</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></b>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span></b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">拉狄克</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Karl Radek</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><st1:chsdate day="31" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="10" w:st="on" year="1885"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">31/10/1885</span></st1:chsdate><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">19/05/1939</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">俄國布爾什維克黨的政治家、理論家。拉狄克出生於奧匈帝國的倫貝格(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Lemberg</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),今屬於烏克蘭的利維(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Lvov</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。</span><span lang="FR-CA">1906</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—</span><span lang="FR-CA">1914</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年間,在波蘭和德國為左翼報紙撰稿,俄國十月革命後去了俄國,其後成為第三國際的領導人之一,同時成為</span><span lang="FR-CA">1925</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年成立的莫斯科孫逸仙大學(蔣經國曾就讀於該校)的督學。拉狄克後來因為支持托洛茨基反對斯大林背叛十月革命的理想和獨裁而被開除出黨。但他於</span><span lang="FR-CA">1929</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年「認錯」而被重新接納入黨。不過,拉狄克最終亦逃不過斯大林發動的「大清洗」而下獄,最後在獄中被殺害。</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
<br /> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">賴希(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Wilhelm Reich</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></b>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span></b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">賴希(或譯萊奇)(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Wilhelm Reich</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><st1:chsdate day="24" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="3" w:st="on" year="1897"><span lang="FR-CA">24/03/1897</span></st1:chsdate><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—</span><span lang="FR-CA">03/11/1957</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),奧地利馬克思主義心理學家、哲學家。賴希生於奧地利,曾在柏林精神分析學院受訓,</span><span lang="FR-CA">1924</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年加入維也納精神分析學院。賴希</span><span lang="FR-CA">1928</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年加入德國共產黨,</span><span lang="FR-CA">1933</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年出版其代表作《法西斯主義的群眾心理學》</span><span lang="FR-CA">(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Mass Psychology of Fascism</i>)</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(中國大陸有出版中譯本,張峰譯,</span><span lang="FR-CA">1993</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,重慶出版社),從社會心理學角度探討德國納粹黨上台的原因,他此書因為有批評蘇聯斯大林主義而被逐出德國共產黨。同年,在德國納粹黨上台後,他被迫流亡美國。但他到美國後,亦受到美國當局的政治迫害,他的無數研究資料及筆記被充公焚燬,成為號稱「自由民主」的美國歷史上最惡名昭彰的審查言論的罪行。賴希最後死於獄中。在法國</span><span lang="FR-CA">1968</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年五月的學生造反運動中,學生在索邦大學的牆上寫上賴希的名字;而在德國的造反學生將《法西斯主義的群眾心理學》的書本擲向警局。本書第三章四節及附錄二,有討論賴希的思想與精神分析學說的關係。有興趣進一步瞭解的讀者,可參考賴希生平簡傳的連結:</span><span lang="FR-CA"><a href="https://www.marxists.org/chinese/reference-books/reich/index.htm">https://www.marxists.org/chinese/reference-books/reich/index.htm</a></span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">。</span><span face="新細明體" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span>
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<span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">弗尼謝爾</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Otto Fenichel</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></b>
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<span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">弗尼謝爾(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Otto Fenichel</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><st1:chsdate day="2" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="12" w:st="on" year="1897"><span lang="FR-CA">02/12/1897</span></st1:chsdate><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—</span><span lang="FR-CA">22/01/1946</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),奧地利精神分析學家。弗尼謝爾生於奧地利的維也納,在維也納大學醫學院修讀期間,受到當時佛洛伊德精神分析學說的吸引,並且旁聽佛洛伊德在該大學的講演,後來加入了當時有名的「維也納精神分析學會」(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Vienna Psychoanalytic Society</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。</span><span lang="FR-CA">1922</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,弗尼謝爾去了德國柏林發展他的事業,並且是當時一個標榜以馬克思主義的精神分析團體的成員,該團體成員還有賴希和佛洛姆等人。後來德國納粹黨上台,弗尼謝爾流亡美國。但弗尼謝爾繼續以秘密形式(因為政治難民身份而不得不隱藏自己左翼的政治立場),團聚一些馬克思主義的精神分析學者,進行內部討論和交流。</span>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">高夫曼</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Erving Goffman</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></b>
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<span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">高夫曼</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Erving Goffman</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><st1:chsdate day="11" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="6" w:st="on" year="1922"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">11/06/1922</span></st1:chsdate><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">19/11/1982</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">加拿大出生的美國社會學家、社會心理學家、符號互動論</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">symbolic interactionism</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">代表人物以及擬劇論</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">dramaturgy</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的倡導者。他主要在加州大學柏克萊分校(</span><span lang="FR-CA">The University of Califronia, Berkeley</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)和賓夕法尼亞大學(</span><span lang="FR-CA">University of Pennsylvania</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)任教。高夫曼的代表作《日常生活中的自我呈現》(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life</span></i><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)(</span><span lang="FR-CA">1956</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),利用戲劇表現藝術的類比而對人的日常生活進行研究,他把社會比擬為舞台,社會成員比擬為演員,人會立基於文化、社會規範、信仰和「觀眾」的要求,而在這個舞台上表現自己。中國大陸有出版此書中譯本,馮鋼譯,</span><span lang="FR-CA">2008</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,北京大學出版社。</span>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">70</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></b>
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<b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《精神病院》</span></b><b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US">Asylums</span></i></b><b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></b>
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<span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">高夫曼這著作的英文全名</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Asylums : Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and
Other Inmates</span></i><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。台灣有出版中譯本,《精神病院:論精神病患與其他被收容者的社會處境》,群學翻譯工作室譯,</span><span lang="FR-CA">2012</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,群學出版社。</span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">79</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「身心狀況」</span></b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK">:原譯稿為「疾病」(</span><span lang="FR-CA">condition</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK">)。</span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA"> Condition</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,在英文裡除了指一般的條件、狀況外,還有另一層是疾病的意思。這裡譯為疾病,較為符合文意。此字在本書其他地方出現,都分別有指涉這兩種意思其中之一,譯者唯有根據文章脈絡而採用相關意思。</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">96</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">麥金太爾(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Alasdair McIntyre</span></b><b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">麥金太爾(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Alasdair McIntyre</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><st1:chsdate day="12" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="1" w:st="on" year="1929"><span lang="FR-CA">12/01/1929</span></st1:chsdate><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—),出生於蘇格蘭格拉斯哥,當代重要道德哲學、倫理學和政治哲學的學者。麥金太爾於</span><span lang="FR-CA">1970</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代後移居美國,並於</span><span lang="FR-CA">1980</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代皈依天主教。他代表作《德性之後》(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory</span></i><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)(中國大陸有出版中譯本,龔群譯,</span><span lang="FR-CA">1995</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,中國社會科學出版社),重新引起對亞里斯多德的德性倫理學的討論,成為當代倫理學研究的新轉折點。</span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;"><br /></span></b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">「將佛洛伊德形容為『我們這個時代最偉大的兩位思想家之一』」</span></b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">麥金太爾在該文指的</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">另一位是維根斯坦。</span><span face="新細明體" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<span face="新細明體" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁</span><span lang="FR-CA">97<o:p></o:p></span></b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b><b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK">雅柯比(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Russell Jacoby</span></b><b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK">)</span></b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">雅柯比(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Russell Jacoby</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><st1:chsdate day="23" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="4" w:st="on" year="1945"><span lang="FR-CA">23/04/1945</span></st1:chsdate><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—),美國歷史學家,主要從事</span><span lang="FR-CA">20</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">世紀歐洲及美國文化史與知識史的研究,現任教於加洲大學洛杉機分校(</span><span lang="FR-CA">University of California, Los Angeles</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。他其中引起爭論的著作《最後的知識分子》(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">The Last Intellectuals</span></i><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),批評美國</span><span lang="FR-CA">1980</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代當時年輕一輩的知識分子,失去了他們上一代知識分子的公共責任,只會躲在大學象牙塔內,製造對一般人難以理解和封閉的學術話語。此書在台灣有出版中譯本,傅達德譯,</span><span lang="FR-CA">2009</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,左岸文化出版社。</span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br /> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">104</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">沃洛希諾夫(</span><span lang="FR-CA">V N Voloshinov</span></b><b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">沃洛希諾夫(</span><span lang="FR-CA">V.N.Voloshinov</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><st1:chsdate day="18" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="6" w:st="on" year="1895"><span lang="FR-CA">18/06/1895</span></st1:chsdate><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—</span><span lang="FR-CA">13/06/1936</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),蘇聯語言學家。他的著作,直到</span><span lang="FR-CA">1970</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代才陸續被翻譯成英文,開始受到英語世界的高度重視,尤其他的《馬克思主義與語言哲學》(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">Marxism and the Philosophy of Language</span></i><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)一書,對於馬克思主義的意識型態理論和文學批評理論產生重要影響。沃洛希諾夫最後死於肺結核病。</span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">111</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK">塞爾日(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Victor Serge</span></b><b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK">)</span></b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">塞爾日</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Victor Serge</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><st1:chsdate day="30" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="12" w:st="on" year="1890"><span lang="FR-CA">30/12/1890</span></st1:chsdate><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—</span><span lang="FR-CA">17/11/1947</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">比利時無政府主義革命家、作家。他參加了俄國的十月革命</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">也是托洛茨基的戰友。一生為反對法西斯主義、斯大林主義而戰鬥。他</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">非常關心中國</span><span lang="FR-CA">1927</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">年的革命,寫了不少有關中國革命的文章。他的個人回憶錄,便是在本書有討論到的塞奇威克(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Peter Sedgwick</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">)翻成英文。</span><span face="新細明體" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<span face="新細明體" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">頁</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">133</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b><b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK">維果茨基</span></b><b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Lev Vygotsky</span></b><b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">)</span></b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">維果茨基(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Lev Vygotsky</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><st1:chsdate day="17" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="11" w:st="on" year="1896"><span lang="FR-CA">17/11/1896</span></st1:chsdate><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—</span><span lang="FR-CA">11/06/1934</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),蘇聯心理學家。維果茨基在大學時期修讀醫學和法學。他在</span><span lang="FR-CA">1924</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—</span><span lang="FR-CA">1934</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年於莫斯科心理學研究所工作期間,成為蘇聯心理學界的主要人物。他研究社會和文化因素在人類意識的構成中所起的作用,以及思維與語言的關係。他後來死於肺結核病。由於他的理論具有濃厚的西方文化色彩,在斯大林年代一直受到打壓而被禁止討論。一直到</span><span lang="FR-CA">1960</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代,他的作品被翻成英文,在英語世界產生了巨大影響。</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁</span><span lang="FR-CA">114</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">越飛</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Adolf Joffe</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="FR-CA" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">越飛(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Adolf Joffe</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><st1:chsdate day="10" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="10" w:st="on" year="1883"><span lang="FR-CA">10/10/1883</span></st1:chsdate><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—</span><span lang="FR-CA">26/11/1927</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),俄國十月革命布爾什維克領導人之一,蘇聯外交家。越飛曾任蘇聯派駐中國特使,與孫中山會面後,發表《孫文越飛宣言》,促成國共第一次合作。越飛是托洛茨基的忠實朋友和戰友,也因此加入了托洛茨基的左派反對派。</span><span lang="FR-CA">1927</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,越飛身體健康情況日差,他要求出國就醫,但被斯大林拒絕,再加上托洛茨基被開除黨籍的打擊,同年</span><st1:chsdate day="26" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="11" w:st="on" year="2023"><span lang="FR-CA">11</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="FR-CA">26</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,他在莫斯科醫院內自殺。</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span>
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<p class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁</span><span lang="FR-CA">120</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">科爾施</span></b><b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Karl Korsch</span></b><b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">)</span></b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">科爾施(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Karl Korch</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><st1:chsdate day="15" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="8" w:st="on" year="1886"><span lang="FR-CA">15/08/1886</span></st1:chsdate><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—</span><span lang="FR-CA">21/10/1961</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),德國馬克思主義哲學家。他與匈牙利的盧卡奇,同被譽為發軔於</span><span lang="FR-CA">1920</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代的「西方馬克思主義」流派的創始人(盧卡奇的影響更為主要)。</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span>
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<p class="MsoNormal">
<span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK">科爾施出生於德國漢堡的一個銀行職員的家庭。在耶拿大學取得法律博士學位。</span><span lang="FR-CA">1912</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK">至</span><span lang="FR-CA">1914</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK">年,遊學英國,加入當時的改良主義社會主義團體「費邊社」(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Fabian Society</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK">)。第一次世界大戰爆發後,與當時許多年輕知識分子一樣,急速左傾。他先是加入德國獨立社會民主黨(</span><span lang="FR-CA">USPD</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK">),後來加入德國共產黨。</span><span lang="FR-CA">1926</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK">年,被開除出德國共產黨。</span><span lang="FR-CA">1933</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK">年納粹上台後,科爾施被迫離開德國,</span><span lang="FR-CA">1936</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK">年流亡到美國,直到逝世。有興趣進一步瞭解科爾施思想的讀者,可參考「中文馬克思主義文庫」網頁的科爾施作品資源區:</span><span lang="FR-CA"><a href="https://www.marxists.org/chinese/korsch-karl/index.htm">https://www.marxists.org/chinese/korsch-karl/index.htm</a></span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK">。</span>
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<p class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="FR-CA" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">123<o:p></o:p></span></b>
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<p class="MsoNormal">
<b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">現實檢驗(</span></b><b><span lang="FR-CA">test reality</span></b><b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK">「現實檢驗」(</span><span lang="FR-CA">reality testing</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK">),心理治療的一種技術,由佛洛伊德始創。對於客觀或真實的世界及與反映在接受治療者之間的關係,進行區分和評估,是在精神分析和行為療法中常用的一種技術。</span>
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<p class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁</span><span lang="FR-CA">125</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「這構成阿圖塞文章著名論文的基礎思想」</span></b>
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<p class="MsoNormal">
<span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">作者應該是指阿圖塞的《意識型態和意識型態的國家機器》(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">Idéologie et Appareils Idéologiques ďEtat</span></i><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)一文。另外,阿圖塞亦有文章,專門探討佛洛伊德與馬克思的關係(《論馬克思和佛洛伊德》〔</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">Sur Marx et Freud</span></i><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〕)以及精神分析(《話語理論的三個筆記》〔</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">Trois notes sur la théorie des discours</span></i><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〕)。這些經典文章,都可在「中文馬克思主義文庫」網頁的阿圖塞作品資源區找到:</span><span lang="FR-CA"><a href="https://www.marxists.org/chinese/althusser/index.htm">https://www.marxists.org/chinese/althusser/index.htm</a></span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁</span><span lang="FR-CA">131</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「也許答案是將尼伯龍根的指環(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Nibelung’s ring</span></b><b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)還給水仙子(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Rhinemaidens</span></b><b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。」</span></b>
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<p class="MsoNormal">
<span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《尼伯龍根的指環》(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">The Ring of the Nibelung</span></i><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),是德國</span><span lang="FR-CA">19</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">世紀偉大劇作家華格納(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Richard Wagner</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)根據北歐神話而改編創作的史詩式歌劇。故事內容是,由三個水仙子守護的魔金,傳說只要將它鑄成指環便有統治世界的力量,魔金其後被侏儒霧魔騙走及鑄成指環,結果引起諸神為了爭奪這隻指環的互相殺戮。</span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁</span><span lang="FR-CA">135</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></b>
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<p class="MsoNormal">
<b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">黑豹黨(</span></b><b><span lang="FR-CA">Black Panther Party</span></b><b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">黑豹黨</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Black Panther Party</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">由休伊</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">牛頓</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Huey Newton</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><st1:chsdate day="17" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="2" w:st="on" year="1942"><span lang="FR-CA">17/02/1942</span></st1:chsdate><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—</span><span lang="FR-CA">22/08/1989</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和西爾</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Bobby Seale</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="FR-CA">22/10/1936</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—)</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">於</span><span lang="FR-CA">1966</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年在加利福尼亞州的奧克蘭創立的黑人民族主義和社會主義的政黨</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">宗旨是促進黑人民權</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對於警察對黑人的暴力</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">主張黑人有正當防衛權利而武裝起來。但到了</span><span lang="FR-CA">1970</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代中後</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">開始沈寂。</span>
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<p class="MsoNormal">
<b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「垮掉的一代」</span></b><b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Beat Generation</span></b><b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「垮掉的一代」</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Beat Generation</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">指美國在二戰後</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">出現的一種文學思潮運動</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">影響了文化和政治層面。其主要表現為摒棄物質主義和主流價值,著重精神方面的追求和對東方宗教的興趣,鼓吹性解放,甚至服用迷幻藥物。</span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">217</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></b>
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<b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「校長致辭」(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Rectorial Address</span></b><b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></b>
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<span lang="FR-CA">Rector</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,是指稱在蘇格蘭的一些大學,由學生投票選出的「校長」,或可稱為學生校長,三年一任,代表學生</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">參與大學的行政管理架構。里德</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">(</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Jimmy Reid</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">)是於</span><span lang="FR-CA">1971-74</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">年間,</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">擔任蘇格蘭格拉斯哥大學的學生校長。</span><span face="新細明體" lang="FR-CA" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">233</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></b>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">科林</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">巴克</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Colin Barker</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></b>
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<span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">科林.巴克(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Colin Barker</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><st1:chsdate day="30" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="6" w:st="on" year="1939"><span lang="FR-CA">30/06/1939</span></st1:chsdate><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—</span><span lang="FR-CA">04/02/2019</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),英國馬克思主義社會學家、歷史學家。卡拉.韋伯(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Kara Weber</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)是他妻子。</span><span lang="FR-CA">1960</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代初,科林在牛津大學讀書時加入了國際社會主義者團體(即後來的社會主義工人黨),他後來搬去曼徹斯特而在曼徹斯特理工學院(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Manchester Polytechnic</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,後改為曼徹斯特都會大學(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Manchester Metropolitan University</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)任教。他晚年轉向研究社會運動,他在大學內一直嘗試建立跨越學術與行動主義兩者界限,團聚激進知識分子的社群。</span>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK"><span style="font-size: large;">編輯改錯原譯之處</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></b>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁</span><span lang="FR-CA">53</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">第三段第三行</span></b><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:「歐洲許多女性一度被指控為女巫而遭到火刑,在這同一個社會,到了將近三百年前,佛洛伊德誕生和創立精神分析學說。」</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b>
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<span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">原譯文為:「<span style="color: black;">因此,在佛洛伊德誕生和創立精神分析學說</span></span><span lang="FR-CA" style="color: black;">300</span><span face="新細明體" lang="ZH-HK" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年前的同一個社會,遭指控為女巫的婦女要遭受火刑的時期…」</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b>
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相關文章:<br /><a href="https://ma-petite-taverne.blogspot.com/2017/11/interview-marxism-and-mental-distress.html">Iain Ferguson 訪談</a><br /><p></p>
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驛站http://www.blogger.com/profile/11378808425722503912noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-361642193953372193.post-22353644292000174282023-01-22T06:33:00.184+01:002023-10-31T09:05:50.727+01:00反對退休制度改惡:面對這個被廣泛民眾拒絕的提案,是時候動員起來了!<p> <span style="font-family: PMingLiU; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">克雷米厄(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Léon Crémieux</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span> <span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">宋治德 譯</span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9ruiZwftXXqKGgQnj6lYkkGlSK0SVy5JsOzja4Werb6Kru6okQI6FQ_ohgMX5zdkpC-15CHJ9hRi-xvsSu22OKW50d2-22m5zpKA44thZFhwk_GT4EYzY29SOvWBHCLNbeySPtJ5XxkmtTUUn8ddXudivYWKXsuMbKCFhBevH9w2nQIZrJsTy2jT8pg/s1196/144_-_do7a2897-modifier.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="528" data-original-width="1196" height="177" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9ruiZwftXXqKGgQnj6lYkkGlSK0SVy5JsOzja4Werb6Kru6okQI6FQ_ohgMX5zdkpC-15CHJ9hRi-xvsSu22OKW50d2-22m5zpKA44thZFhwk_GT4EYzY29SOvWBHCLNbeySPtJ5XxkmtTUUn8ddXudivYWKXsuMbKCFhBevH9w2nQIZrJsTy2jT8pg/w400-h177/144_-_do7a2897-modifier.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(譯按:原文出自法國左翼</span></b><b><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">網頁《對抗時代》(</span></b><b><i><span lang="FR">Contretemps</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)<st1:chsdate day="17" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="1" w:st="on" year="2023"><span lang="FR">2023</span>年<span lang="FR">1</span>月<span lang="FR">17</span>日</st1:chsdate>上載之<span lang="FR"><a href="https://www.contretemps.eu/contre-reforme-macron-retraites-mobilisation-syndicats/"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">文章</span></span></a></span>。譯文內出現的法國各工會、政黨的英文維基介紹連結,為譯者所加。)</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">法定退休年齡將成為未來幾週社會和政治鬥爭的中心議題。法國工人階級遭受了數年的新冠</span></i><i><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">疫情</span></i><i><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和公共衛生</span></i><i><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">體系</span></i><i><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">危機的嚴重影響,還有</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span></i><i><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月初即將生</span></i><i><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">效</span></i><i><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的削減失業受助者權益的失業金改惡法案。除此之外,</span><span lang="EN-US">2022</span></i><i><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年實際的社會工資和收入受到嚴重衝擊,</span><span lang="EN-US">2023</span></i><i><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年也將如是,相應的工資和收入的增長,抵消不了因為食品和能源價格上漲推動下的高通貨膨脹水平。</span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重大的社會倒退</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">馬克宏及他的總理博恩(</span><span lang="EN-US">Elisabeth Borne</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">)決定對工人階級發動新的社會進攻。在</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">日,他們推出一項改革退休制度的提案,該提案將公共和私營部門的雇員的法定退休年齡——全盤地和急速地——從現時</span><span lang="EN-US">62</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">歲延長兩年到</span><span lang="EN-US">64</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">歲。在今後兩個月內,該提案必須訴諸加速辯論程序進行辯論和表決(援引《憲法》第</span><span lang="EN-US">47</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">—</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">條,從</span><st1:chsdate day="8" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="2" w:st="on" year="2023"><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">8</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">起提案在國民議會只有</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">天的辯論時間,而國民議會和參議院兩院合共只得</span><span lang="EN-US">50</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">天時間完成表決通過的程序)。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">政府的提案還連帶撤除一系列退休</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">條件較為優待的</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">「特別計畫」(包括</span><span lang="EN-US">EDF</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">(法國電力部門</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">)</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">,</span><span lang="EN-US">RATP</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">(巴黎獨立運輸公司)等)。目的也是儘快將社會保險金的必須繳款年限提高到</span><span lang="EN-US">43</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">年(工作年數或同等水平)。上一次的修法,於</span><span lang="EN-US">2013</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">年在社會黨政府領導下進行,預計要到</span><span lang="EN-US">2035</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">年實現目標(每三年延長三個月)。根據目前的提案,目標將提前八年實現,即在</span><span lang="EN-US">
2027 </span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">年(每年延長一個月)。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">總的來說,這顯然是一個全面的社會倒退的提案,它將進一步凸顯官方</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">祭出</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">「社會正義」和「重分配挽救法國的制度」的論述兩者背後的矛盾。在大多數工業化國家,特別是自</span><span lang="EN-US">1980</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">年代新自由主義轉向以來,退休制度一直成為被諸多攻擊的目標。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">法國也未能逃過這一股新自由主義浪潮的衝擊。自</span><span lang="EN-US">1993</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">年以來,由社會黨人和戴高樂主義者領導的歷屆政府都對退休制度進行了四次修法。</span><span lang="EN-US">30</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">年前,公務員或私營部門的雇員如果繳付了</span><span lang="EN-US">37.5</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">年的社會保險金繳款,到</span><span lang="EN-US">60</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">歲時便可領取全額退休金(全額比率)。如果現時的提案通過,我們很快就要面對做到</span><span lang="EN-US">64</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">歲和繳款</span><span lang="EN-US">43</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">年的社會保險金,</span><span lang="EN-US">44</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">年之久職業生涯。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">這種逆向改革,將特別影響到那些職業生涯中受到失業或非全職工作而中斷的雇員,尤其是婦女,還有一般情況,那些在</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">歲之前已開始工作的雇員,即資格</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">不足</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">的雇員(<i>譯</i></span><i><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">註:</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span></i><i><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">歲才開始計算職業退休供款</span></i><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">)。這將產生雙重影響,迫使他們在</span><span lang="EN-US">64</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">歲以後繼續工作,並且</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">領取較低</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">的退休金。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">馬克宏的全盤計畫</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">這項改革提案是馬克宏所謂「工作更久」的全盤計畫的一部分,這是他在</span><span lang="EN-US"> 2022 </span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">年競選連任總統時提出的主題之一。它以增加(至少在</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">字</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">面上)在職人數配以推遲退休年齡,以削減失業者以及</span><span lang="EN-US"> RSA</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">(</span><span lang="EN-US">Revenu de solidarité active</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">,最低生活保障,是對那些已經用盡失業保障的人的援助,</span><span lang="EN-US">2022 </span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">年</span><span lang="EN-US"> 6 </span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">月有</span><span lang="EN-US"> 188 </span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">萬受助者)受助者的權益而向他們施壓重返勞動市場,例如</span><span lang="EN-US"> RSA</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">受助者每月要做</span><span lang="EN-US">15</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">至</span><span lang="EN-US">20 </span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">小時的志工工作。這些措施顯然也對在職工人的工資構成下降壓力,使工作條件惡化,增加失業</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">率,</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">老年工人工作不穩定的狀況。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">「法國經濟趨勢觀察研究所」(</span><i><span lang="EN-US">Observatoire français des
conjonctures économiques</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">,</span><span lang="EN-US">OFCE</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">)的一份關於退休年齡從</span><span lang="EN-US">62</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">歲過渡到</span><span lang="EN-US">64</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">歲的</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.ofce.sciences-po.fr/pdf/pbrief/2022/OFCEpbrief108.pdf"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">報告</span></a></span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">,它根據</span><span lang="EN-US">2010</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">年退休改惡法案的結果,估計若過渡到</span><span lang="EN-US">64</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">歲退休將令到</span><span lang="EN-US">2027</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">年的退休人數減少</span><span lang="EN-US">60</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">萬人,其中</span><span lang="EN-US">24</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">萬人將繼續工作,</span><span lang="EN-US">21.5</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">萬的失業者以及其餘的因殘疾、疾病或不在職的人處於「不穩定的行列」之中。因此,這個提案將導致</span><span lang="EN-US">75%</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">的失業和不穩定!只有最具資歷的管理人員和雇員才能保持穩定的就業,這個類別的人較少經受繁重工作和不穩定職業生涯的影響。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">對於失業金領取者的攻擊也是如此。從</span><span lang="EN-US">2008</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">6</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">月到</span><span lang="EN-US">2021</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">6</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">月,領取失業金</span> <span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">人數從</span><span lang="EN-US">68%</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">增加到</span><span lang="EN-US">47.4%</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">(根據「勞動研究和統計局)(</span><i><span lang="EN-US">Direction de l'Animation de
la Recherche, des Études et des Statistiques</span></i><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">,</span><span lang="EN-US">DARES</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">)。更糟糕的是,在</span><span lang="EN-US">2021</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">9 </span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">月開始,有資格獲得失業援助的工作最低期限從四個月增加到六個月。</span><span lang="EN-US">2023</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">月生效的最新修</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">訂</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">,將失業者的援助期限削減了</span><span lang="EN-US">25%</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">。從現在開始,援助最長期限將為</span><span lang="EN-US">18</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">個月;對於</span><span lang="EN-US">55</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">歲以上的工人,援助最長期限為</span><span lang="EN-US">27</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">個月,而非之前的</span><span lang="EN-US">36</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">個月。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">所有這些決定都朝著一個方向,對於已經遭受當前危機影響最大的工人階級類別的打擊將會越來越大。馬克宏除了所謂的實際增加工作人數外,他的目標是進一步降低企業的勞動力成本和減少國家預算中的公共</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">開支</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">降低公共開支的歐盟教條</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">馬克宏政府如此急速地推動這一退休改惡提案的另一個重要原因,並不在於對未來</span><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">年或</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">年退休制度的展望,而在於到</span><span lang="EN-US">2027</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">年要達</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">到</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">減低公共財政赤字。</span><span lang="EN-US">2022 </span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">5</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">月,歐盟委員會恢復了在新冠疫情期間暫停執行的《穩定與增長協定》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US">Le pacte de stabilité
et de croissance</span></i><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">),即馬斯特里赫特規則(</span><i><span lang="EN-US">les règles de Maastricht</span></i><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">)。歐盟經濟專員真蒂洛尼(</span><span lang="EN-US">Paolo Gentiloni</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">)隨後宣布,到</span><span lang="EN-US">2023</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">年底,成員國必須回到遵守公共赤字和公共債務的規則,即不能超過分別占</span><span lang="EN-US">GDP</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">的</span><span lang="EN-US">3%</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">和</span><span lang="EN-US">60%</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">。這一次,法國收到了歐盟提出減低債務並迅速改革退休制度的「建議」。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">去年</span><span lang="EN-US">7</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">月,法國政府像往年一樣,向歐盟委員會提交了「穩定計畫」,即到</span><span lang="EN-US">2027</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">年的經濟展</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">望</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">。法國經濟和財政部長勒梅爾(</span><span lang="EN-US">Bruno Le Maire</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">)承諾,公共赤字將從</span><span lang="EN-US">2022</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">年占</span><span lang="EN-US">GDP</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">的</span><span lang="EN-US">4.9%</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">降至</span><span lang="EN-US">2027</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">年的不到</span><span lang="EN-US">3%</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">。法國承諾每年僅增加</span><span lang="EN-US">0.6%</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">的開支預算:<br /><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 37.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 37.2pt 0cm 27pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.25gd; mso-para-margin-right: 3.1gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「公共財政的可持續性不會通過增加強制性徵稅來實現……對公共開支的控制主要基於結構改革,特別是共和國總統在競選期間曾承諾的退休制度改革。」</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 37.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 37.2pt 0cm 27pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.25gd; mso-para-margin-right: 3.1gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">因此,退休制度改革是作為減少公共開支以遵守歐盟規則並保持獲得信貸評級機構好評的支柱。勒梅爾希望到</span><span lang="EN-US">2030</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年釋出</span><span lang="EN-US">177</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">億,或占退休金支出的</span><span lang="EN-US">5%</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以上。與此同時,政府堅持對企業實行稅收減免。因此,營業額超過</span><span lang="EN-US">50</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬歐元的</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">企業所要</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">支付的「企業增值繳款」</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><i><span lang="EN-US">La Cotisation sur la valeur
ajoutée des entreprises</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US">CVAE</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),將在</span><span lang="EN-US">2024</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年完全撤銷,這些企業在</span><span lang="EN-US">2019</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年繳付了</span><span lang="EN-US">CVAE 180</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">億歐元。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">歐盟決</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">策</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">當局和歐洲資本家們如此堅持法國要進行退休制度「改革」,那是因為法國相較其他歐洲國家具有的特殊</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">性,在</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">面對拆毀傳統退休制度更具抵抗能力。誠然,此前對退休制度的攻擊已經且將繼續產生更大的負面影響,包括退休人員購買力下降、實際退休的人生縮短。但事實仍然是,法國是人們可以獲得較早退休的國家之一(還有義大利),也是退休金支出最多的國家之一(<i>譯註:僅次於第一的義大利</i>),在集體和強制性退休金計畫的框架內,退休金乃主要的公共開支,約占</span><span lang="EN-US">GDP</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">的</span><span lang="EN-US">13.5%</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">因此,許多資本專家強調這種對公司徵收過高的強制性退休金稅款,已達</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">到</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">「不能容忍的水平」。但鮮為人知的是,這用於退休金的一大份額也使法國在歐盟國家之中</span><span lang="EN-US">65</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">歲以上人士的貧窮率最低的國家之一:歐盟國家平均中位數為</span><span lang="EN-US">16.8%</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">,法國平均為</span><span lang="EN-US">10.9%</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">,德國平均為</span><span lang="EN-US">19.4%</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">。另外,在一個有超過</span><span lang="EN-US">60%</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">的在職人口均希望在</span><span lang="EN-US">60</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">歲或更早退休的國家裡,這種制度仍然代表著一個重要的抵抗支點,一個我們要選擇怎樣</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">的</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">社會的問題。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一個被民眾拒絕的</span></b><b><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">提</span></b><b><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">案</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">馬克宏和在媒體上相互接力的「專家」們所提出的論點,無法令人信服他們所選擇的社會。官方的監督機構「退休諮詢委員會」(</span><i><span lang="EN-US">Le Conseil d’Orientation
des retraites</span></i><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">,</span><span lang="EN-US">COR</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">),去年夏天公布了一份報告,提出了對未來四十年的預測,顯示了一個達到收支平衡的退休基金</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">體系</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">。憑「常識」觀察,即退休人數會越來越多,在職人數越來越少(這是真的),但這並不會導致支出的不可控增長。相反,到</span><span lang="EN-US">2070</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">年,這些支出占</span><span lang="EN-US">GDP</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">的百分比將維持在</span><span lang="EN-US">13%</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">至</span><span lang="EN-US">14%</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">之間。國家對公職人員的給付不足,才會令到退休基金</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">的</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">收入減少。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">在所有假設中,退休基金的賬目在收入和支出的數額方面僅顯示很小的赤字。該基金在過去兩年裡一直處於盈餘狀態(總計</span><span lang="EN-US">40</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">億),到</span><span lang="EN-US">2027</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">年,最大赤字為</span><span lang="EN-US">107</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">億,而支出為</span><span lang="EN-US">3500</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">億。所有這些都反映在</span><span lang="EN-US">COR</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">的報告中(<i>譯註:原文沒有提供,見此</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.cor-retraites.fr/sites/default/files/2022-12/RA_COR2022%20def.pdf"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">連結</span></a></span></i><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">),明確表示情況並非災難性的……與政府的說法相反。此外,政府聲稱有必要增加在職雇員人數,目前從</span><span lang="EN-US">50</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">到</span><span lang="EN-US">65</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">歲的人口就業率僅為</span><span lang="EN-US">56%</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">,但這是由於裁員、疾病和無法找到工作所致。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">因此,政府已經輸掉了一場戰役:聲稱要維護和「挽救」退休制度體系而要進行改革的輿論辯護戰,並且在未來兩個月內也無法說服民眾。同樣,人們深信,如果有必要在未來幾年為赤字有限的社會保障基金挹注資金,那麼這種負擔就沒有理由轉</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">嫁到</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">雇員身上,特別是在最貧窮的和勞動條件最艱苦的工人的身上。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">然而,政府經常表示,不增加雇主對社會保障基金(包括老年基金)的繳款,但又</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">降低</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">強制性徵稅、降低對生產和</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">企業的所有徵稅,是為了「維護經濟增長」。這是在企業利潤激增、股息大額分配和最富有一群人裡的個人暴富的背景下而進行的。根據</span>2022<span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">年巴黎券商公會指數(</span>CAC 40<span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">),大企業共獲得了</span><span lang="EN-US">1720</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">億歐元的利潤(與</span><span lang="EN-US">2021</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">年相比增長了</span><span lang="EN-US">34%</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">),並以股息或股票回購的形式向股東分配了</span><span lang="EN-US">800</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">億歐元。因此,它表明了一點……這是一場帶有階級屬性的「改革」。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">基本上,最近幾個月進行的所有民調,包括自政府公布</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">提</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">案以來,都顯示絕大多數人對這項改革持敵視態度,少數同意的僅在高層管理人員和已退休人士的類別。</span><span lang="EN-US">90%</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">的在</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">職者</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">反對將退休年齡延後到</span><span lang="EN-US">64</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">歲,</span><span lang="EN-US">60%</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">同意</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">工會動員反對這項提案,</span><span lang="EN-US">46%</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">的人準備動員起來。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">工會團結反對退休改惡提案</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">所有工會(</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(France)">CGT</a></span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Democratic_Confederation_of_Labour">CFDT</a></span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_Force">FO</a></span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Syndicale_Unitaire">FSU</a></span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_syndicale_Solidaires">Solidaires</a></span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_of_Autonomous_Trade_Unions">UNSA</a></span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Confederation_of_Christian_Workers">CFTC</a></span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">)在與政府的談判中都拒絕了提案,即使是像</span><span lang="EN-US">CFDT</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">,</span><span lang="EN-US">UNSA</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Confederation_of_Christian_Workers">CGC</a></span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">或</span><span lang="EN-US">CFTC</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">這樣傾向於接受新自由主義改革和支持政府政策的工會也包括在內。所有工會都呼籲在</span><st1:chsdate day="19" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="1" w:st="on" year="2023"><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">19</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">舉行首天的大罷工和示威,圍繞一個口號,即政府撤回提案。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">在</span><span lang="EN-US">CFDT</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">最近的會員大會上,工會領導層甚至獲得了會員明文的授權,無論政府提出的交換條件如何,都拒絕接受延長退休年齡的提案。在過往退休金改革的提案中,政府碰到類似當前各總工會的統一戰線,特別出現在</span><span lang="EN-US">2003</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">和</span><span lang="EN-US">2010</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">年,所有總工會都直接反對該提案。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">不過,應當指出,</span><span lang="EN-US">CFDT</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">在</span><span lang="EN-US">1995</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">年沒有參加反對當時總理「朱佩計畫」(</span><span lang="EN-US">plan Juppé</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">)的運動,該計畫旨在使公共部門雇員與</span><span lang="EN-US">1993</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">年已對私營部門雇員實施的倒退的退休金水平看齊(<i>譯註:</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US">1993</span></i><i><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年當時右派總理巴拉迪爾(</span><span lang="EN-US">Édouard Balladur</span></i><i><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)將私營部門雇員的社會保險金繳款年限延長至</span><span lang="EN-US">40</span></i><i><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span></i><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">)。然而,面對法國國家鐵路公司(</span><span lang="EN-US">Société national des chemins de fer français, SNCF)</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">員工的總動員和長期罷工,朱佩最終不得不撤回他的計畫。</span><span lang="EN-US">1995</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">年的事件導致了</span><span lang="EN-US">CFDT</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">陷入嚴重危機,其中幾個工會離開而另組成</span><span lang="EN-US">Solidaires</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">或</span><span lang="EN-US">FSU</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">同樣在</span><span lang="EN-US">2003</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">年,工會運動為了相同的目標聯合起來反對當時總理菲永(</span><span lang="EN-US">François Fillon</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">)的退休改革(<i>譯註:主要是將公共部門雇員的社會</i></span><i><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">保險金繳款年限延長至</span><span lang="EN-US">40</span></i><i><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">年</span></i><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">),但隨後分裂了,</span><span lang="EN-US">CGC</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">和</span><span lang="EN-US">CFDT</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">在持續</span><span lang="EN-US">6</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">個月的議會討論後聯合支持該提案。</span><span lang="EN-US">2010</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">年,從</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">月到</span><span lang="EN-US">11</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">月,動員持續了</span><span lang="EN-US">9</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">個月,分成</span><span lang="EN-US">14</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">天的總罷工和示威(<i>譯註:即反對薩爾科齊將法定退休年齡從</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US">60</span></i><i><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歲延長到</span><span lang="EN-US">62</span></i><i><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歲的提案</span></i><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">)。</span><span lang="EN-US">2013</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">年,</span><span lang="EN-US">CFDT</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">還支持社會黨政府的都蘭(</span><span lang="EN-US">Marisol Touraine</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">)改革(<i>譯註:將社會保險金繳款年限延長至</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US">43</span></i><i><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span></i><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">)。自</span><span lang="EN-US"> 1995 </span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">年以來,社會運動從未能阻止退休制度的改革(除了</span><span lang="EN-US"> 2020 </span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">年,當時馬克宏面對大動員和新冠</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">疫情來襲</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">而不得不擱置他的改革計畫)。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">戰鬥不在議會而在街頭</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">今年,議會辯論的限制將縮限到</span><span lang="EN-US">50</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">天,政府不可能在這短時間內通過法令和條例。不過,政府還可以援引《憲法》第</span><span lang="EN-US">49</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">—</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">條,該條例可以終止辯論並直接進行信任投票。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">無論如何,議會辯論的格局非常明顯。馬克宏派的少數派(</span><span lang="EN-US">170</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">名國會議員加上</span><span lang="EN-US">80</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">名盟友)至少可以依靠共和黨人(</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Republicans_(France)">Les
Républicans</a></span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">)集團的大部分議員(</span><span lang="EN-US">62</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">名國會議員),湊成</span><span lang="EN-US">286</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">票的多數票。因此,幾乎不會出現提案被否決的風險,因為共和黨領導層的政策是要將這個與他們的政綱相呼應的計畫占為己有,甚至自我修正,同意退休年齡從該黨立場的</span><span lang="EN-US">65 </span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">歲降至</span><span lang="EN-US">64 </span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">歲,使其「不那麼嚴酷」。其他反對派,無論是「生態和社會人民新聯盟」(</span><span lang="EN-US">Nouvelle Union populaire écologique et sociale</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Ecological_and_Social_People%27s_Union">NUPES</a></span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">),還是「國民聯盟」(</span><span lang="EN-US">Le Rassemblement
national</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rally">RN</a></span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">),都反對該提案,但只能在被縮限的辯論時間內進行。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">因此,剩下的問題是,社會、工會和政治</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">的</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">運動是否有能力,通過街頭示威、建立一種將各階層民眾對提案的敵視轉化為力量以及在多個工業部門進行長期的罷工,達到真正團結的民眾動員。這意味著有意識地開展這場運動,而不是提出一系列發散式的罷工日子。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">此外,由於議會辯論的時間短促,需要建立一種聯合的和進擊的運動。現在起,應該在地方層面上擴大工會之間組織罷工方面的領域協作,建立一個能將工會、團體和政黨聯合一起的架構。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">什麼策略?</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">NUPES</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">和「新反資本主義黨」(</span><span lang="EN-US">Le Nouveau Parti anticapitaliste</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Anticapitalist_Party">NPA</a></span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">)已經倡議在各城市舉行聯合大會。</span><st1:chsdate day="21" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="1" w:st="on" year="2023"><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">21</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">,即工會首天罷工的兩天後,他們將再舉行全國性示威遊行。工會領導層內近乎普遍的氣氛是拒絕與政黨的協調。自從去年夏天以來,「法國不屈」(</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_France_Insoumise">La
France Insoumise</a></span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">)政黨的權力主導行為,無助於改變這種氣氛。但是,有必要尤其是在地方上建立聯合戰線。更為重要的一點是,一個範團廣泛的工會戰線,不是建立在實</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">際的</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">共同做法或是面對政府計畫的一組共同訴求。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><st1:chsdate day="19" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="1" w:st="on" year="2023"><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">19</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">的罷工預計將會是大規模的,在幾個工業領域,工會將宣布可延長</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">的或一輪數天間距的罷工日程表</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">,</span><span lang="EN-US">CGT</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">分會</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">的石油公司工會正是後者這種情況(</span><st1:chsdate day="19" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="1" w:st="on" year="2023"><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">19</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span lang="EN-US">24</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">時、</span><span lang="EN-US">26</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">日</span><span lang="EN-US">48</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">小時,</span><st1:chsdate day="6" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="2" w:st="on" year="2023"><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">6</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span lang="EN-US">72</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">小時),他們工會在去年秋天已經為爭取上調工資進行了數週的罷工。</span><span lang="EN-US">NPA</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">發言人貝桑切諾特(</span><span lang="EN-US">Olivier Besancenot</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">)也提出了不是發散式、躍跳式的罷工,而是連續幾天進行總罷工的想法。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">同樣決定性的是,使人們有可能在對工資和生活成本、對失業者權利的攻擊等緊迫問題上團結起來,將反對提案的鬥爭與反對高生活成本的訴求聯繫起來,對準資本的利潤。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">12</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">月份的最後數週,在</span><span lang="EN-US">RATP</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">駕駛員的罷工運動之後,輪到</span><span lang="EN-US">SNCF</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">控制人員對工資和職涯問題進行了重要的工業行動。許多因為工資的罷工已經發生,並將隨著企業新一輪年度的強制性勞資談判而再次開展。最近幾天,能源價格呈指數級上漲,使麵包師、餐館老闆、其他小商販和工匠的不滿情緒日益高漲,甚至開始行動</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">起來</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">,其中許多人已經破產或拖欠款項。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>*</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">正在創建中的運動,必須能夠成為反映工人階級日益不滿的載體,同時促進反資本主義的訴求並在民眾中建立廣泛支持的運動。「國民聯盟」(<i>譯註:瑪琳.勒龐(</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Marine Le Pen</span></i><i><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)領導的極右民粹政黨</span></i><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)希望分化這種不滿,同時明顯拒絕這些反資本主義的訴求和工人罷工的發展。因此,減弱「國民聯盟」在運動中的作用也是一個決定性的議題。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">當政府發言人韋蘭(</span><span lang="EN-US">Olivier Véran</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">)面對反退休改革提案的全國罷工之際,還蠻有自信地且不放在眼內的說會「堅定和沈著應對各種困難」。如果沒有在多個工業部門組建抗衡政府的聯合力量,那麼這場長期運動的建立將不會發生,那便正中韋蘭的下懷</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">。讓我們寄</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">望運動未來日子的發展,將徹底挫敗他的自信。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;"><br /></span></p><p>
<span style="font-family: PMingLiU;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">圖片來源:《</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">紅色》(</span></span><i>Rouge</i><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)雜誌,</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">記者</span></span> Martin Noda,Hans Lucas。</p><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;"><br /></span><p></p>驛站http://www.blogger.com/profile/11378808425722503912noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-361642193953372193.post-36328653549943705992020-09-12T04:39:00.003+02:002020-09-17T22:48:59.108+02:00辯證法的奧秘——約翰.里斯的《革命的代數》之書評<div style="text-align: right;">
<span lang="FR-CA"> Alex Callinicos </span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">移山</span>
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<span lang="FR-CA"> </span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">譯自《國際社會主義》(</span><i><span lang="FR-CA">International Socialism</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">)季刊,</span><span lang="FR-CA">1998</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">年第</span><span lang="FR-CA">78</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">期之</span><span lang="FR-CA"><a href="https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/callinicos/1998/xx/dialectic.htm#f7"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">文章</span></span></a></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(校按:本譯文是來自一位中國大陸的筆友,要求代為校閱。小標題為校者所加</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">。</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">馬克思曾多次承諾過,一旦完成《資本論》,他將對「辯證法」作一個簡單的解釋。當然,</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">他從未完成過《資本論》,因此也從未回過頭來解釋辯證法。自此,我們飽受這種在馬克思主義文獻中存在的落差之苦。在各種斯大林主義的教科書中的解說,被愛德華.湯普森(Edward Thompson)形容為「糟糕透頂的和極其可笑的唯物主義」,當然不能解決這種落差。因為在其中,辯證法被視為一套正式的「規律」,可以通過死記硬背來學習並被機械地應用出來。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對馬克思主義的辯證法當然也有具價值的論述。盧卡奇(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Georg Lukács</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR-CA">1923</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年出版的《歷史與階級意識》就是馬克思主義的經典文本之一。但是這本書以一系列的文章,用一種通常是艱澀的哲學語言對幾個相互關聯的主題進行探討。我們可以從盧卡奇那裡學到很多東西,但是先需要花一番詮釋</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">批判的功夫(下文將論述)。此外,評估《歷史與階級意識》的意義還會涉入關於馬克思思想與偉大的德國哲學家黑格爾(現代辯證法的創始者)思想之間的關係的論戰,尤其是由法國共產黨理論家路易</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">阿爾都塞(</span><span lang="DE">Louis Althusser</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的著作所引發的。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《革命的代數》一書的宗旨</span></b></span></span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXnMuokGvT6V8WhFoKoGIXETcEMXzc3vCWMDaJNbT4RJWkufCkwbtdPkf7PyuO0MAKoraldz5y3zVjD3Sl_Y0aFnci6wDLJEX02vLuw13pz_YBvsXSzfVu832dx-siptZdpJQVSFejcyo9/s1600/The+Algebra+of+Revolution.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="375" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXnMuokGvT6V8WhFoKoGIXETcEMXzc3vCWMDaJNbT4RJWkufCkwbtdPkf7PyuO0MAKoraldz5y3zVjD3Sl_Y0aFnci6wDLJEX02vLuw13pz_YBvsXSzfVu832dx-siptZdpJQVSFejcyo9/s320/The+Algebra+of+Revolution.jpg" width="240" /></a></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">因此,難怪任何要從事捍衛馬克思主義事業的人時常遇到一個請求:提供簡明指南以消除由辯證法的迷霧所引起的困惑。約翰</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">里斯(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: pmingliu;">John Rees</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的新書<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="OLE_LINK8"></a>《革命的代數》(</span><i style="font-family: pmingliu;"><span lang="FR-CA">The Algebra of Revolution</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)就是對這一類請求者的回答。這書是從盧卡奇的「黑格爾馬克思主義」的觀點出發,對辯證法作出清晰又易懂的闡明,達到為讀者提供這個主題的簡便進路的目的,同時以深邃又嚴謹的方式處理了棘手且具爭議的問題。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">正如約翰所強調的那樣,辯證法所涉及的根本問題並非一個晦澀或複雜的問題。它是對一個將自身呈現為——例如在大眾媒體和資產階級社會科學中——碎片的混亂集合的社會世界之理解問題。正如馬克思所堅持的那樣,這樣去理解社會世界,需要區分事物的表像及其潛在的現實或本質。但是,這個本質不是互不關連的事件的總和,而是總體(</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-family: "pmingliu";">Totality</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。黑格爾說:</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";"> 「</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">真理是全體(</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-family: "pmingliu";">whole</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)」<span><a href="#fn1" id="ref1">[1]</a></span>。事物和事件只有放在關係網絡的語境中才變得可理解,關係網絡把它們緊密相連成一個相互關聯的整體。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: pmingliu;">但是,這一總體是矛盾的。辯證法思維的本質在於,認識到對立、衝突和鬥爭不是現實的次生層面,它可以通過一些社會工程手段或敵對階級決定「墜入愛河」並成為夥伴而被消除。黑格爾說:「矛盾則是一切運動和生命力的根源,事物只因為自身具有矛盾,才會有運動,才具有活力和活動。」<span><a href="#fn2" id="ref2">[2]</a></span>黑格爾對這個命題的理解,主要根據的是在概念內部發展的矛盾:自然和人類歷史的演化就是這種概念上的辯證法之一種表達。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: pmingliu;">然而,對馬克思而言,主要矛盾不是存在於思想中,而是構成社會現實的本質。這些矛盾,它存在於現行生產的社會關係朝向變成束縛生產力進一步擴大以及階級鬥爭發展(剝削者與被剝削者在這種衝突的框架內)的趨勢之中。生產力與生產關係之間以及階級之間的矛盾是社會變革的動力。因此,辯證思維將現實視為固有的歷史性,作為一個不斷運動的過程,其中現有形式被自身的內部缺陷所摧毀,而被新的形式所取代。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: pmingliu;">馬克思在《資本論》第一卷的德文第二版跋中,總結了他對辯證法的看法:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">辯證法,在其神秘形式上,成了德國的時髦東西,因為它似乎使現存事物顯得光彩。辯證法,在其合理形態上,引起資產階級及其誇誇其談的代言人的惱怒和恐怖,因為辯證法在對現存事物的肯定的理解中同時包含對現存事物的否定的理解,即對現存事物的必然滅亡的理解;辯證法對每一種既成的形式都是從不斷的運動中,因而也是從它的暫時性方面去理解;辯證法不崇拜任何東西,按其本質來說,它是批判的和革命的。<span><a href="#fn3" id="ref3">[3]</a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">這樣去理解辯證法,它實質上是作為一種智識和政治的傳統的馬克思主義,試圖分析社會世界的方法。</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對馬克思主義辯證法的爭論</span></b></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">也許有人會說:每門科學都有自己的方法,那麼辯證法有何特別之處?辯證法應該成為哲學反思的專題有兩個原因。首先,它與傳統社會科學中普遍使用的方法截然相反。這些方法,無論是傳統的實證主義形式,還是所謂激進的後現代主義形式,都基本上接受了社會世界的零碎表像及其在學院內的對應品——對理論的理解分拆為專門的「學科」。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但在左派內部對辯證法也有表達出抵制的流派——意大利哲學家盧西奧</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">科萊蒂(</span><span lang="IT">Lucio Colletti</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)在</span><span lang="FR-CA">1960</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="FR-CA">1970</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代的馬克思主義階段,對辯證法進行了多次攻擊。<span><a href="#fn4" id="ref4">[4]</a></span>更晚近的,屬於短命流派的分析馬克思主義者們(</span><span lang="EN-US">analytical Marxists</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),他們對辯證法同樣懷有敵意,自覺地著手改寫馬克思主義以符合主流社會科學的規範,其中之一約翰</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">羅默(</span><span lang="NL">John Roemer</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)將辯證法稱為「馬克思主義的瑜伽術」。<span><a href="#fn5" id="ref5">[5]</a></span>有趣的是,對辯證法的這種敵視使科萊蒂和分析馬克思主義者都脫離了經典的革命傳統。面對這種抵制,始終有必要弄清辯證法的性質並捍衛它以對抗攻擊和歪曲。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">其次,存在一個問題:是否可以使用辯證法來研究物理世界和社會世界。恩格斯在身後出版的《自然辯證法》中強調指出,這樣做是可以的。諸如達爾文的自然選擇演化論其科學突破的意義,只能在對自然的辯證的理解之背景中,才是可理解的,據此,所有過程都受某些普遍定律支配(量到質的轉化,對立統一和相互滲透,和否定的否定)。恩格斯的辯證法通用理論是得到馬克思的知識和他的支持下發展起來的,但後來在斯大林主義為建構自身意識型態版本的「馬列主義」時被庸俗化了,並被用來為</span><span lang="FR-CA">1940</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代蘇聯壓制遺傳生物學辯解。這導致許多後來受到盧卡奇影響的革命馬克思主義者作出的回應是連帶一併拒絕自</span><span lang="ES-TRAD"></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">然辯證法的思想(儘管盧卡奇本人從未明確否認自然是辯證的)。但這在馬克思主義哲學家們中仍然是一個極具爭議的問題。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">約翰</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">里斯以高超的技巧和沉著的態度處理了辯證法的爭議領域。他的敍述主要是歷史性的。因此,約翰帶我們進入了:黑格爾對辯證法的最初表述;馬克思和恩格斯對它的轉化;在第二國際內部的重大辯論中,辯證法主題的出現,特別關乎考茨基、羅莎.盧森堡和普列漢諾夫;列寧的哲學及其政治實踐之間的密切關係;盧卡奇和葛蘭西的黑格爾馬克思主義;以及托洛茨基關於辯證法的著作。對這些主題的處理是學術性且是全面性的,用易懂的文字,配以通常取材於政治和歷史的例子進行說明,而捨棄在傳統解釋辯證法的文獻中那類庸常的、甚至有誤導性的物理案例(水壺沸騰、橡子長成橡樹)。</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">馬克思的辯證法與黑格爾的辯證法</span></b></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">也許這本書最出色的地方是第</span><span lang="FR-CA">2</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">章。在第</span><span lang="FR-CA">2</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">章中,約翰討論了最具爭議的主題,即黑格爾主義與馬克思主義的辯證法之間的關係。恩格斯區分了黑格爾的辯證法和他的唯心主義體系:前者由唯物主義者接管,後者則被丟棄。但是,如果在不改變辯證法本身的結構情況下,究竟它的方法和體系在多大程度上可以分離,這一點尚不清楚。<span><a href="#fn6" id="ref6">[6]</a></span>約翰敏銳地處理了這一難題。他強調了馬克思與黑格爾之間的連續性——前者受後者辯證法思想的很大影響,後者的辯證法思想本身就是孕育於法國大革命時期的所有矛盾之中。但他也指出了兩者之間的差異。黑格爾認為,所有矛盾最終都可以通過「絕對精神」的自我同一性來解決,因為「絕對精神」將人類歷史的整體視為自身發展的過程。然而,對於馬克思而言,矛盾不能在思想中得到解決;矛盾是在真正的歷史危機和鬥爭中被克服。在這些歷史危機和鬥爭中,舊的社會形式要麼被保存下來而損害人類進步,要麼就被集體行動所推翻。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">約翰引用了《剩餘價值理論》中的一個重要段落。在其中,馬克思抨擊了約翰</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">斯圖亞特</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">穆勒(</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="OLE_LINK2"></a><span lang="DE">John Stuart Mill</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),因為後者假定了供應和需求的同一,以及生產和消費的同一,因而斷言危機是不可能的。「這裡……,兩個階段的潛在的、恰好在危機中顯示出來的強制<b>統一</b>,是相對於同樣存在的、甚至表現為資產階級生產特徵的這兩個階段的<b>分離</b>和<b>對立</b>。」然而,事實上:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">……這個運動本質上是兩個階段的統一,那麼,這個運動本質上也是兩個階段的分離和彼此獨立。但因為它們畢竟有內在聯繫,所以,有內在聯繫的方面的獨立只能強制地作為具有破壞性的過程<b>表現出來</b>。正是在<b>危機</b>中,它們的統一、不同方面的統一才顯示出來。<span><a href="#fn7" id="ref7">[7]</a></span><span lang="FR-CA"><!--[endif]--></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">換句話說,生產和消費,並不像資產階級經濟學家所斷言的供給產生自己的需求那樣,迅即彼此相同。它們是自相矛盾的整體的「不同方面」。生產和消費的「統一」體現在對立中,事實是商品生產者無法必然地為他們的商品找到市場。因此,當商品大量滯銷時,生產和消費的真正相互依賴「在危機中顯現出來的強制統一」。</span><span lang="FR-CA"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">馬克思這樣總結自己和穆勒的方法論差異:「在經濟關係</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">因而表示經濟關係的範疇</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">包含著對立的地方,在它是矛盾,也就是矛盾統一的地方,他就強調對立的<b>統一</b>方面,而否定<b>對立</b>。他把對立的統一變成了這些對立的直接等同。」<span><a href="#fn8" id="ref8">[8]</a></span>至此,或許有人會說,儘管黑格爾的唯心主義提供了特定的深邃分析且他的許多一般闡述具有啟發性,但表達出將矛盾化解為「對立的直接等同」的傾向。雖然他對現代「公民社會」中固有的社會衝突和經濟不穩定具有相當現實的洞察力,但他認為,可以首先通過自由主義國家的結構來調和它們,最終在自我知識的絕對精神中完成。但是,對馬克思而言,即使對立面彼此不同,甚至互相纏繞,但實際上都是由它們的衝突的統一性來定義的。資本和勞動是不一樣的,即使兩者不能脫離對方而存在:它們的矛盾關係只能通過社會變革來解決,這種社會變革的趨勢是廢除這種關係,而不是在智識上轉化它。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">馬克思的辯證法和黑格爾的辯證法之間的區別,在於辯證法的關鍵範疇「否定的否定」的方法。對於黑格爾來說,否定的否定是每個辯證過程的頂點。在頂點,矛盾被消解,差異恢復為絕對的和諧。這個結果從一開始就在過程中固有的:黑格爾反覆說辯證法描述了一個圓,因為它的結論從其起點發展而來,並證明起點為正當的。在這種意義上,他的哲學是目的論的:辯證過程中各個階段的意義最終源於它們對實現其目的的貢獻,而目的從一開始就存在(</span><span lang="PT">telos</span><span lang="PT"> </span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是目的的希臘語)。</span> <span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">因此,通過黑格爾所謂的「理性的狡黠」,人類的行動在不自覺中實現了所有歷史中隱含的目的——將絕對精神帶入自我意識。</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《資本論》的辯證法</span></b></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">約翰很好地闡明了馬克思對「否定的否定」的用法與黑格爾的不同之處,例如以《資本論》第一卷著名的章節〈資本積累的歷史趨勢〉為例,說:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">否定</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">否定</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」的概念需要仔細處理,因為,它從黑格爾的體系過渡到馬克思的體系,是經歷了徹底轉變的概念之一。在黑格爾體系中,「否定的否定」是使思想與現有現實相調和的機制,是在辯證過程結束時恢復不變的現實。……馬克思的辯證法開啟了發生實質性的物質、生產方式轉變的可能性。儘管社會危機和能夠解決這一危機的階級的出現或是「由於自然過程的必然性」而引起的,但成功解決該危機的途徑不是預定的。正是由於真正的社會進步受到威脅,正是由於這涉及到為社會領導權而鬥爭的真實存在的階級,其結果不是一個勝負已分的定局,不是一個必然性。<span><a href="#fn9" id="ref9">[9]</a></span><span lang="FR-CA"><!--[endif]--></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同一章還對馬克思在《資本論》中的方法進行了精彩的討論。列寧在《哲學筆記》中寫道:「雖說馬克思沒有遺留下『邏輯』(大寫字母的),但他遺留下了《資本論》的邏輯,應當充分地利用這種邏輯來解決這一問題。」<span><a href="#fn10" id="ref10">[10]</a></span>的確,《資本論》含有大量應用辯證法的例子,但是,像任何複雜的理論文本一樣,《資本論》也容易讓人產生誤解。約翰接受了某些極端黑格爾馬克思主義者的思想,他們認為馬克思從資本的概念本身推論出資本主義生產方式的具體結構。因此,約翰引用了托尼</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">史密斯(</span><span lang="EN-US">Tony Smith</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的主張:「如果在兩個範疇之間通過推理可以建立系統性的關聯,例如對『資本』</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso--language: JA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">『</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">剥削</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">』,這相當於表明一種結構(隸屬『資本』範疇)必然與另一種結構(隸屬『</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">剥削</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">』範疇)相關聯。」<span><a href="#fn11" id="ref11">[11]</a></span>還有其他這種方法的例子,例如德國的「資本邏輯」(</span><span lang="FR-CA">capital-logic</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)學派。從最壞處說,這是用辯證的文字遊戲和學院式的評論代替對具體社會形態的分析;從不那麼壞處說,它傾向於將馬克思的方法化約為純粹概念性的辯證法。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">約翰的主張是正確的:「我們不能將《資本論》視為只是一個自我生成範疇的演進。」<span><a href="#fn12" id="ref12">[12]</a></span>馬克思確實提出了一組複雜的概念,但他的目的是在思想上透過資本主義社會形成與繼續複製自身而重建它的實際歷史過程和結構趨向。他分析的出發點是資本主義社會作為一個具體的歷史現實。馬克思說,這是「現實中的起點,也是直觀和表像的起點」。的確,由於資本主義生產方式的複雜性,以及資產階級社會的表像可能隱藏的內在結構,所以必須採取一組抽象概念——價值、使用價值、剩餘價值等——以識別這種結構的性質。因此,馬克思採用了他所謂的「從抽象上升到具體的方法」,使這些抽象概念作為他試圖重建各種複雜的資本主義模式的動態之起點。但是,馬克思堅持認為這種方法「只是思維用來掌握具體並把它當作一個精神上的具體再現出來的方式」。<span><a href="#fn13" id="ref13">[13]</a></span><span lang="FR-CA"><!--[endif]--></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對於將《資本論》詮釋為一系列的在概念上推論的做法,</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">通常会</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以《政治經濟學批判大綱》——《資本論》的初稿——的一些段落作為支持理由,馬克思確實時而試圖論證,資本主義經濟的某些特徵在某種程度上包含在資本的概念當中。但是,《大綱》代表的正是馬克思在</span><span lang="FR-CA">1857</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">至</span><span lang="FR-CA">1867</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年十年間撰寫的一系列手稿中的第一份,他在此期間發展並完善了他的資本主義理論。在這個過程中,其中一個主要的改變來自被稱為《</span><span lang="FR-CA">1861–1863</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">經濟學手稿》的文本(《剩餘價值理論》從它而來)。在這裡,他認為,通過抽象概念來確定的資本主義生產方式的基本特徵(即《資本論》第一卷第一部分概述的價值和剩餘價值的理論),必須「通過許多個中介環節」與對實際經濟的具體描述聯繫起來。<span><a href="#fn14" id="ref14">[14]</a></span>如此看來,馬克思所論述的方法與認為概念能夠以某種方式產生自己的內容的思想——黑格爾唯心主義的核心——是不相容的。正如約翰所說,「馬克思和恩格斯依賴的是不同的辯證的範疇之間的不斷相互作用,而它的發展所按照的原理,是不同於社會的辯證發展的原理,但它會將後者作為其恆常的和不可避免的參照點」。<span><a href="#fn15" id="ref15">[15]</a></span><span lang="FR-CA"><!--[endif]--></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">托洛茨基對自然辯證法的看法</span></b></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在《革命的代數》中還有許多其他有價值的討論。但是,與其用更長的篇幅來總括讀者應該自己發現的內容,筆者想在進入結論之前提出兩個要點。首先,如上文所述,本書通過按時間順序對主要思想家的討論來介紹辯證法。特定主題會根據特定個人的思想的語境進行深入處理。這些主題都處理得很好,除了一個主要的例外,就是自然辯證法。對於自然辯證法,約翰只在第</span><span lang="FR-CA">6</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">章中當討論托洛茨基的《哲學筆記》(</span><i><span lang="FR-CA">Philosophical Notebooks</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的時候,非常簡略地處理了這個題目。在這裡,他提供了一些很好的理由來接受自然辯證法,但他並沒有真正深入地探討這一問題。這很遺憾,由於自然辯證法是一個重大且具爭議的主題,因此一本聲稱對辯證法提供全面處理的著作當然需要對自然辯證法進行廣泛的討論(除非有正當理由不作如是處理)。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對自然辯證法作出全面的處理,必然涉及其中一個問題,就是恩格斯著名的辯證法的規律之地位。托洛茨基對此提出了令人感興趣的建議之一是,「辯證法的基本規律是量到質的轉化,因為它對自然和社會的所有演化過程提供了一般的公式」。他繼而認為:「量向質的轉化的原則具有普遍意義,據此我們對整個宇宙無一例外地視為生成和轉化的產物,而不是有意識創造的成果」。<span><a href="#fn16" id="ref16">[16]</a></span>這個看法具有合理和可取之處。物理科學的許多發展(例如混沌理論,就是企圖從看似隨機行為的複雜系統之中識別其內在的規律)支持了這一種自然觀:把自然看作由不同層次上的一系列質性轉換所驅動的歷史的演化著之整體。<span><a href="#fn17" id="ref17">[17]</a></span><span lang="FR-CA"><!--[endif]--></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但是,從什麼意義上說,量轉化為質的原理是定律?科學定律一般通過確定造成現象的真正機制來解釋世界上的特定現象。<span><a href="#fn18" id="ref18">[18]</a></span>故而馬克思有關於利潤率下降趨勢的定律,作為解釋資本主義潛在危機的理論;然而,從量到質的轉化並不是這個意義上的一種機制,而是概括了由多種不同機制產生的物理和社會過程共有的特徵。這種思路表明,我們應該將自然辯證法視為一種廣義的自然哲學概念,而不是一套可以從它推導出適用於更為具體的世界特定層面的普遍定律。如此思考自然辯證法的可取之處在於,它防止對科學工作者作出斯大林主義式的教條命令,這種的做法敗壞了自然哲學的名聲;它還意味著辯證法哲學與科學研究之間的相當寬鬆和開放的關係,應該明確肯認這種關係。</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《歷史與階級意識》的爭議</span></b></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我的第二個也是更重要的保留意見,是關於約翰在第</span><span lang="FR-CA">5</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">章中對《歷史與階級意識》的辯護。他的目的是處理從阿爾都塞的立場出發對盧卡奇的批評,這種批評的典型見於加雷斯</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">斯特德曼</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">瓊斯(</span><span lang="EN-US">Gareth Stedman Jones</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的一篇著名文章。<span><a href="#fn19" id="ref19">[19]</a></span>盧卡奇將歷史唯物主義在本質上視為工人階級的自我意識。因為從勞動力向商品的轉化是資本主義社會的基礎,所以只有從工人的立場出發,才有可能對該社會形成客觀的認識。盧卡奇將無產階級稱為「歷史的絕對主體–</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">客体</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」:在捍衛自己的利益的過程中,工人階級越來越能夠理解和掌握歷史。瓊斯認為,通過把馬克思主義等同於階級意識,盧卡奇將歷史唯物主義化約為階級主體性的理論,從而消解了展開階級鬥爭的客觀結構(生產力和生產關係)。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">約翰堅決反駁了瓊斯的論點,提出了很多有力的觀點。但是,值得注意的是,約翰的辯護依賴於重構盧卡奇所說的話。《歷史與階級意識》是盧卡奇在幾年間所寫的文章結集,其中一些是改寫過的(<i>校按:有些文章在成書前已發表過,到收錄在此書時經過了修改</i>)。它們反映了盧卡奇——一位在成為馬克思主義者之前已經從事了大量研究工作(特別是《小說理論》)的成熟哲學家——對古典馬克思主義傳統的吸收和闡釋。盧卡奇後來將自己在馬克思主義之前的立場描述為「浪漫主義的反資本主義」。他受社會學家馬克斯</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">韋伯(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Max Weber</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)和格奧爾格</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.齊美</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">爾(</span><span lang="DA">Georg Simmel</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的極大影響,將人的地位視為悲劇性的,人在一個零碎而無意義的現代世界中,喪失了對事物整體的理解感。盧卡奇在</span><span lang="FR-CA">1918</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年向革命馬克思主義的驚人迅速轉變,令他將無產階級的處境視為總體性喪失的根源。最初,這導致他陷入邁克爾</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">洛維(</span><span lang="DE">Michael</span><span lang="FR-CA"> L</span><span lang="SV">ö</span><span lang="FR-CA">wy</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)所說的一種革命「彌賽亞主義」,無產階級在其中起著第七騎兵團的作用(<i>校按:指美國第七騎兵團,見原註</i></span><i><span lang="FR-CA">20</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">內的校註</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。<span><a href="#fn20" id="ref20">[20]</a></span>這意味著,在</span><span lang="FR-CA">1918–1921</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年間,他在共產國際中經常持極左的立場。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">盧卡奇由於受到列寧</span><span lang="FR-CA">1920</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的著作《共產主義運動中的「左派」幼稚病》和</span><span lang="FR-CA">1921</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的共產國際第三次代表大會的辯論的影響,他逐漸對革命的馬克思主義有了更成熟的理解。《歷史與階級意識》記錄了這一過程。因此,在本書中占主導地位的偉大文本〈物化和無產階級意識〉,是在較高的理論抽象水平上,對馬克思的文本和資產階級古典哲學進行的一系列精彩討論。顯然,與他的批評者所言相反,他沒有簡單地將馬克思主義理論等同於工人在任何特定時刻的實際想法;實際上,他認為革命意識的發展是一個過程,而不是一種瞬間行為。但是,就像他在該書中其他更早時候寫的文章一樣,〈物化和無產階級意識〉包含了一些漏洞。因此,約翰本人指出,盧卡奇聲稱馬克思主義的正統只包含在它的方法中和將此方法等同為總體性概念,明顯帶有一定的唯心主義危險。<span><a href="#fn21" id="ref21">[21]</a></span><span lang="FR-CA"><!--[endif]--></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">該書的最後兩篇文章,對羅莎.盧森堡批評布爾什維克的辯護(<i>校按:指《對羅莎.盧森堡〈論俄國革命〉的批評意見》</i>)和〈關於組織問題的方法論〉,反映了</span><span lang="FR-CA">1920-1921</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的辯論對盧卡奇的全面影響,以及緊隨其後不久發表的有關列寧的文章(<i>校按:指《列寧——關於列寧思想的統一性研究》(</i></span><i><span lang="FR-CA">Lenin: A Study on the Unity
of His Thought</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的小書</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),它們以某種方式對《歷史與階級意識》書中其他出現含糊和引致麻煩的地方所作出的糾正。約翰為捍衛盧卡奇所做的就是借鑒這些文章,並強調盧卡奇在〈物化和無產階級意識〉中的相關闡述相對簡略,以便對批評者進行反駁。他還引用了葛蘭西對「矛盾意識」的討論,該討論提供了具體的歷史框架以瞭解盧卡奇相當缺乏對階級意識發展的闡述之原因。從一個層面上講,這也是說得通的,但是它涉及到對《歷史與階級意識》的某種理想類型的構建,可惜這種構建無法呈現該書中這些文本的歧異性及其記錄的盧卡奇思想的發展過程。</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">盧卡奇與葛蘭西的馬克思主義思想</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">的時代氛圍</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我們突出盧卡奇文本的發展性和不完整性的一個優點是,它能引起人們對古典馬克思主義的整個歷史上或許是最激動人心和最悲痛的時刻的關注。第一次世界大戰和十月革命的影響為革命馬克思主義贏得了許多有才華的知識分子,其中包括盧卡奇和葛蘭西。當他們參加共產主義運動時,帶著自身的智識背景的烙印(對於盧卡奇和葛蘭西而言,是由不同形式主導的唯心主義),以及在自己的祖國作為弱勢左派的特徵。從第一次世界大戰結束到</span><span lang="FR-CA">1920</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代中期,我們看到他們為了兩個相互關連的問題而作的鬥爭:恢復被第二國際腐蝕了的馬克思主義傳統,和在複雜且急速變化的形勢下建立群眾性的革命政黨。由於這種經驗,以及列寧和托洛茨基對第三國際的領導,我們看到這些非常有才華的革命者在</span><span lang="FR-CA">1920</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代中期成為成熟的馬克思主義者。這一過程反映在盧卡奇的《歷史與階級意識》所收入的較後期文章和《列寧——關於列寧思想的統一性研究》以及葛蘭西</span><span lang="FR-CA">1926</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的《里昂提綱》(</span><i><span lang="FR">Lyons
Theses</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)之中。因此,革命的馬克思主義似乎在政治上和智識上都處於重大的飛躍時刻。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">然後,這個進程被歷史殘酷地打斷了:德國大革命的失敗,俄國革命的斯大林主義化的墮落,法西斯主義在意大利和德國的勝利。盧卡奇和葛蘭西以不同的方式成為這一系列重大挫敗的受難者——葛蘭西最直接地成了墨索里尼的囚徒,盧卡奇努力尋找在日趨斯大林主義化的共產主義運動中可以活下去的方法。兩人雖然沒有停止過思考和寫作,但是處於歷史進程對革命者極為不利的形勢下,令兩人的思考都烙下了時代的傷痕。葛蘭西的《獄中札記》充滿了精闢的見解和分析,但因為這些概念通常帶著含混和和隱喻的特徵,它們常常遭到改良主義者或持更糟立場的人所挪用。盧卡奇的後期著作體現了一位傑出思想家的著作,但它們被宿命論所籠罩,這反映了他與由斯大林主義和法西斯主義主導下的歷史現實而流露的「右派黑格爾」式的調和(<i>校按:公允地說,只是對斯大林主義而言</i>)。對於經典馬克思主義傳統的傳承,托洛茨基全力以赴地繼續這項工作,可惜在惡劣的形勢下,令他的影響力被限制在工人運動的邊緣之上。</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">結論</span></b></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《革命的代數》一書的意義,就是它重現了貫穿經典馬克思主義的哲學脈絡,並以極大的清晰度和力量重申和擴展了這一辯證法的思想。這本著作旨在恢復被斯大林和希特勒打斷的革命傳統的連續性,並將其最有創意的思想提供給新一代,讓他們今日在馬克思主義傳統自</span><span lang="FR-CA">1920</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代中期遭遇災難性轉折以來正處於最佳的形勢下,加以利用和發展。</span></div>
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<b style="font-family: pmingliu;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">註釋:</span></b>
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<span id="fn1">[1].<a href="#ref1" id="#fn1=">↩</a></span> G.W.F. Hegel, <i>The Phenomenology of Spirit</i> (Oxford 1977), §20, p. 11.(<i>校註:黑格爾,《精神現象學》,商務印書館,1981年版,第12頁。</i>) <br />
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<span id="fn2">[2].<a href="#ref2" id="#fn2=">↩</a></span> G.W.F. Hegel, <i>The Science of Logic</i> (2 vols., London 1966), II, p. 67.(<i>校註:黑格爾,《邏輯學》下卷,商務印書館,1982年版,第66頁。</i>) <br />
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<span id="fn3">[3].<a href="#ref3" id="#fn3=">↩</a></span> K. Marx, <i>Capital</i>, vol. I (Harmondsworth 1976), p. 103.(<i>校註:馬克思,《資本論》第一卷,《馬克思恩格斯全集》第1版,第23卷,中共中央編譯局,人民出版社,第24頁。</i>) <br />
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<span id="fn4">[4].<a href="#ref4" id="#fn4=">↩</a></span> For example, L. Colletti, <i>Marxism and Hegel</i> (London 1973), and Marxism and the Dialectic, <i>New Left Review</i>, 93 (1975). <br />
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<span id="fn5">[5].<a href="#ref5" id="#fn1=">↩</a></span> J. Roemer, “Rational Choice” Marxism, in id., ed., <i>Analytical Marxism</i> (Cambridge 1986), p. 191. <br />
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<span id="fn6">[6].<a href="#ref6" id="#fn6=">↩</a></span> See, for example, M. Rosen, <i>Hegel’s Dialectic and its Criticism</i> (Cambridge 1982). <br />
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<span id="fn7">[7].<a href="#ref7" id="#fn7=">↩</a></span> J. Rees, <i>The Algebra of Revolution</i> (New Jersey 1998), p. 106.(<i>校註:應為原著第102頁。另外,這裡引述馬克思的話來自《剩餘價值理論》第二冊,《馬克思恩格斯全集》第1版,第26卷 II,第576、571頁。要指出的是,這裡引用的中文版段落,對照相關的英文版引文,中文版有某些相應的術語翻譯不統一,例如英文版的 phase,中文版時而用「階段」,時而用「因素」,甚至 aspect也用「因素」 。這裡的引文則統一將 phase改為「階段」,aspect則用「方面」。另一方面,文句也有不通順之處,亦酌量修改。</i>) <br />
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<span id="fn8">[8].<a href="#ref8" id="#fn8=">↩</a></span> Ibid., p. 107.(<i>校註:《剩餘價值理論》第三冊,《馬克思恩格斯全集》第1版,第26卷III,第91頁。</i>) <br />
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<span id="fn9">[9].<a href="#ref9" id="#fn9=">↩</a></span> Ibid., p. 103. (<i>校註:「由於自然過程的必然性」出自《資本論》第一卷內第七篇的〈資本的積累過程〉,《馬克思恩格斯全集》第1版,第23卷,第832頁。</i>) <br />
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<span id="fn10">[10].<a href="#ref10" id="#fn10=">↩</a></span> V.I. Lenin, <i>Collected Works</i> (50 vols., Moscow 1972), XXXVIII, p. 319. (<i>校註:列寧,《哲學筆記》,《列寧全集》第2版,第55卷,中共中央編譯局,人民出版社,第290頁。</i>) <br />
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<span id="fn11">[11].<a href="#ref11" id="#fn11=">↩</a></span> J. Rees, op. cit., p. 109. <br />
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<span id="fn12">[12].<a href="#ref12" id="#fn12=">↩</a></span> Ibid., p. 110. <br />
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<span id="fn13">[13].<a href="#ref13" id="#fn13=">↩</a></span> K. Marx, <i>Grundrisse </i>(Harmondsworth 1973), p. 101. (<i>校註:這段內引述的馬克思的話(包括著名的「從抽象上升到具體的方法」),來自《1857-1858年經濟學手稿》(即《政治經濟學批判大綱》),《馬克思恩格斯全集》第1版,第12卷,第751頁。</i>) <br />
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<span id="fn14">[14].<a href="#ref14" id="#fn14=">↩</a></span> K. Marx, <i>Theories of Surplus Value</i> (3 vols., Moscow 1963–72), II, p. 174. (<i>校註:「許多中介環節」,來自《剩餘價值理論》第二冊,《馬克思恩格斯全集》第1版,第192頁</i>)。探討馬克思在他接續一系列的經濟手稿中的思想發展,見 V.C. Vygodski, <i>The Story of a Great Discovery</i> (Tunbridge Wells 1974), and J. Bidet, <i>Que faire du Capital ? </i>(Paris 1985). <br />
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<span id="fn15">[15].<a href="#ref15" id="#fn15=">↩</a></span>J. Rees, op. cit., p. 112.(<i>校註:應為108頁。</i>) <br />
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<span id="fn16">[16].<a href="#ref16" id="#fn16=">↩</a></span> P. Pomper (ed.), <i>Trotsky’s Notebooks 1933–1935</i> (New York 1986), pp. 88–89. <br />
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<span id="fn17">[17].<a href="#ref17" id="#fn17=">↩</a></span>See P. McGarr, Order Out of Chaos, <i>International Socialism</i> 2:48 (1990), and Engels and Natural Science, ibid., 2:65 (1994). <br />
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<span id="fn18">[18].<a href="#ref18" id="#fn18=">↩</a></span> R. Bhaskar, <i>A Realist Theory of Science</i> (Hassocks 1978). <br />
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<span id="fn19">[19].<a href="#ref19" id="#fn19=">↩</a></span> G. Stedman Jones, The Marxism of the Early Lukacs, <i>New Left Review</i>, 70 (1971). <br />
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<span id="fn20">[20].<a href="#ref20" id="#fn20=">↩</a></span> M. Löwy, <i>Georg Lukacs – From Romanticism to Bolshevism</i> (London 1979), p. 165.(<i>校註:這是Callinicos用的比擬,指美國在1860年代中成立的第七騎兵團,主要參與對印第安人的戰爭。在美國好萊塢的舊西部片裡,這個兵團常被塑造成一種在最後時刻來臨的拯教者的形象。</i>) <br />
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<span id="fn21">[21].<a href="#ref21" id="#fn21=">↩</a></span> J. Rees, op. cit., pp. 247–248.驛站http://www.blogger.com/profile/11378808425722503912noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-361642193953372193.post-49545963810409755712020-02-18T14:19:00.002+01:002021-10-04T02:53:39.345+02:00馬克思與共產主義 (Marx et le communisme)<div style="text-align: right;">
Franck FISCHBACH 宋治德 譯</div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">譯按:作者菲施巴赫(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Franck FISCHBACH</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),法國史特拉斯堡大學</span> </i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Université
de Strasbourg</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">哲學系教</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">授,</span><span lang="FR-CA"><a href="https://www.cairn.info/revue-actuel-marx-2010-2-page-12.htm"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">本<span lang="EN-US">文</span></span></span></a></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">原載於法國哲學期刊《今日的馬克思》(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Actuel
Marx</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">),</span><span lang="FR-CA">2010</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">年第</span><span lang="FR-CA">48</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">期。</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><i>「是的,先生們,公社是想要消滅那種將多數人的勞動變爲少數人的財富的階級所有制。它是想要剝奪剝奪者。它是想要把現在主要用作奴役和剝削勞動的手段的生産資料、土地和資本完全變成自由的和聯合的勞動的工具,從而使個人所有制成爲現實。但這是共産主義、『不可能的』共産主義啊!」</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">馬克思</span> <span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《法蘭西內戰》</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">馬克思是否一個共產主義者?這個問題乍看起來:要麼是徒勞無益的,要麼純粹是一種挑釁。然而,若從有關馬克思與共產主義的關係</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">而言,這又是不得不提出的問題。事實上,說它是徒勞無益的理由很簡單,因為根據馬克思對共產主義的看法,他從來沒有真正回答過這個問題。他沒有明確說過共產主義是什麼,也沒有對一個會是或將會是共產主義社會有所形容,至少沒有超出籠統稱謂的「自由王國」</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">,即</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">:這個共產主義社會將是一個「</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">每個人的自由發展是一切人的自由發展的條件」<sup><a href="#fn1" id="ref1">[1]</a></sup>,再者「設想有一個自由人聯合體,他們用公共的生産資料進行勞動,並且自覺地把他們許多個人勞動力當作一個社會勞動力來使用。」<sup><a href="#fn2" id="ref2">[2]</a></sup>因此,我們一開始必須容</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">忍一下問題的</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">這樣</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">提法︰不是根據馬克思的看法共產主義是什麼,而是根據馬克思的看法怎樣才是共產主義者。馬克思自己參照像共產主義這樣東西而所想、所行和所活意味著什麼?問題不是關於共產主義的本質,而是關於某人與共產主義關係的意義,而這人便是馬克思自己。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CA" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">不過,我們不能脫離脈絡來提出這個問題。事實上,「共產主義」一詞及其概念最近又被重新使用並被拿來討論,<sup><a href="#fn3" id="ref3">[3]</a></sup>尤其是巴迪烏(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Alain Badiou</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">),為了在聲稱奉行共產主義的政權崩潰後仍然可能提出共產主義的想法,他認為它們的崩潰並不意味著馬克思這位哲學家所稱的開啟了人類解放前景的「共產主義的假設」也一併終結,所以巴迪烏企圖賦予共產主義一詞一個新的正當性用法及其所指涉的概念。正是在這個脈絡之中,問題的設定是對於馬克思來說什麼才是共產主義。我注意到這個理論的特點之一,使到共產主義的概念很快的重新被提出討論,但同時亦令社會主義的概念失去聲譽。這種傾向在內格里(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Toni Negri</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)的書中,尤其意味深長的《再見社會主義先生》(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">Goodbye Mister Socialism</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)<sup><a href="#fn4" id="ref4">[4]</a></sup></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">一書中已清楚看到,以及它在齊澤克近期的一些作品中再次得到強調。例如,齊澤克指出「社會主義不能再被構想為惡名昭著的共產主義的『第一階段』,它成為共產主義真正的對手和最大的威脅」<sup><a href="#fn5" id="ref5">[5]</a></sup>,或者「共產主義必須反對社會主義,以有組織的社群取代平等主義的集體」,齊澤克給予後一個論點的「論據」就是「納粹主義就是國家社會主義而不是國家共產主義」。<sup><a href="#fn6" id="ref6">[6]</a></sup></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">反對齊澤克這個觀點的人,會嘗試舉出國家共產主義是確實存在的例子,就是所謂的斯大林主義;或者是當代中國提供了國家共產主義的極佳例子,當然它還伴隨著明顯的資本主義發展。然而,恰恰是齊澤克或其他人將共產主義與社會主義兩者對立的解釋,完全不會恢復共產主義的聲譽。他認為蘇聯和逝去的「人民民主」的東歐集團,都是屬於傷感的和悲劇的社會主義歷史,當代中國也是如此,而不是共產主義。他進而認為這不止證明「現實存在的社會主義」完美地相容於資本主義,甚至指出資本主義本身為了自救而未來發展的道路:「資本主義必須重新創造社會主義」。對我而言,我想這種至少可以說是矯揉造作地將「社會主義」與「共產主義」兩者嚴格對立起來的方式,其目的是為了幫後者洗刷污名,但避開了嚴肅地反思共產主義的概念或觀念與以它之名在長達整個</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二十</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">世紀裡所做的事(包括最惡劣的情況)兩者之間的關係。無論如何,我們要注意是馬克思自己從來沒有將這兩者對立起來,就像他的許多同代人一樣,馬克思是交替地使用它們和視它們為同義詞。再者,馬克思也從來沒有如一些當代人那樣表示喜好「公有」(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">commun</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)而不信任「社會的」(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">social</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)。顯然奇怪的是,對於齊澤克他們一些人來說,「公有」而因此「共產主義」是具有高度正當性的哲學概念。相反,所有屬於「社會」(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">société</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)、「社會的」和「社會主義」,似乎都是與可鄙的現實妥協有關。哲學愜意地躲在它的家園裡與「公有」和「共產主義」在一起,但它顯然容易視「社會的」和「社會」是一種「功能」,在這名目之下,相同名稱的科學,就是社會科學。我傾向認為目前有關「公有」和「共產主義」的時髦論述,可視為哲學的一個倒退標誌,其投入更多精力以尋找一個避難所<span style="color: black;">,並在那個領域試圖重新聯繫一種已過時的純粹形式。</span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">社會主義與共產主義<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="FR-CA" style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">我們回到馬克思與共產主義關係的問題。有兩件事隨即受到注目。首先,事實是除了在為人熟悉又相對簡短的文本的摘錄(其受到極</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">多</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">的閱讀和評論)之外,馬克思實際上闡述共產主義的文本很少,而從馬克思作品的龐大<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">文集</b>來看,「共產主義」一詞的出現數量也是很少。換句話說,被無數的共產主義和社會主義的活躍分子所聲稱追隨的、也被黨國一體的國家所聲稱奉行的「共產主義」(在</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二十</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">世紀的進程之中世界有一半人口生活在這個體系之中),馬克思(被視為卓越的共產主義理論家和近代共產主義的奠基者)最終對共產主義寫得很少,而且從數量上而言,他亦沒有太多說法。其次,非常普遍的是,人們認為馬克思對共產主義的描述,就是:在革命之後,「社會主義」成為預備建立「共產主義」社會之前的一個過渡階段,但實際上這不是馬克思本身的想法。<sup><a href="#fn7" id="ref7">[7]</a></sup></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">這個論點確實會被所謂的「社會主義的」或「共產主義的」國家合理化他們自身,尤其是要合理化的,不止是保持他們國家的形式,甚至加強占據在社會之上很大部分的官僚和警察的作用。</span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CA" style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">但明顯的是,這個由國家社會主義的中間階段過渡到共產主義的論點,我們在馬克思那裡找不到這種說法。這種以「過渡」和「階段」為名的「理由」,是與馬克思無關的。至於這種階段和過渡的說法又被拿來重新討論——如齊澤克想像一種中國式的國家和威權的社會主義模式,它能夠構成資本主義</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">的</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">下一個階段<sup><a href="#fn8" id="ref8">[8]</a></sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">——的目的,</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">事實上它不是針對馬克思<span style="color: black;">,而是一種在馬克思主義中扮演重要角色的觀念。那我們在馬克思筆下的《哥達綱領批判》中,讀到了什麼?就是「在資本主義社會和共產主義社會之間,有一個從前者變為後者的革命轉變時期。同這個時期相適應的也有一個政治上的過渡時期,這個時期的國家只能是<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">無產階級的革命專政</b>。」<sup><a href="#fn9" id="ref9">[9]</a></sup></span></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="color: black;">我們馬上注意到,馬克思在這裡沒有提到任何被認為是在資本主義與共產主義之間過渡階段的「社會主義」。而馬克思亦沒有將革命轉變時期確定為無產階級奪取現存國家機器,並開始轉變為社會主義的國家。這個當然是在馬克思的文本中關於「過渡」的問題,但是我們需要注意的事實是這個「過渡」是政治性的,它會被同化在從一個社會到另一個社會的「革命轉變」之中。馬克思在這個文本實際所說的與它後來被解釋的方式之間存在著巨大的差異。一方面,馬克思所說的是一個<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">時刻</b>(</span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">moment</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)而不是一個<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">過程</b>(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">processus</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)(理解為過渡及其不同的階段);另一方面,他說的是一個基本上<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">消極</b>和甚至是<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">打碎</b>的時刻,遠不是一個創制的和<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">建立</b>的<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">積極</b>過程。</span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CA" style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">這個脈絡(其中著名的但又經常被抽離出來的)闡明了馬克思對此的看法:德國社會民主黨受到拉薩爾派對國家看法的影響而滋長的一些幻想,其主要是包括「靠國家便能建立一個新社會」,<sup><a href="#fn10" id="ref10">[10]</a></sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">我們注意的是,他一早批評了所有提出靠國家建立社會主義或國家社會主義的說法。馬克思這裡要求徹底改變這個觀點,並呼籲工人放棄認為國家外在於社會的現實的想法:「自由就在於把國家由一個站在社會之上的機關變成完全服從這個社會的機關」。<sup><a href="#fn11" id="ref11">[11]</a></sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">然而,正是將國家轉變為服從於社會的一個機關或工具,「政治時刻」才是構成著名的「無產階級的革命專政」。這種專政——馬克思清楚表明它是革命的,因此它本身是社會的革命轉變的一部分——並不意味著工人或無產階級占據國家及其機器並將國家機器維持在外在於社會,以及認為不同的是他們現在可以運用它們來達到自己的目的。<sup><a href="#fn12" id="ref12">[12]</a></sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">有關專政是內在於社會的革命轉變的時刻,更確切地說,這是社會的革命轉變的政治時刻,這個政治時刻將打碎作為外在於社會的國家機器,同時將它限縮為內在於社會的機關功能,完全為社會生產的集體組織服務,也就是「變革現在的生產條件」(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">譯註:《哥達綱領批判》,《馬恩全集》中文版,</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">19</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">卷,</span><span lang="FR-CA">29</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">頁</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)。</span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CA" style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">這裡不是指由國家建立社會主義國家或社會主義的階段,相反,而是顛倒過來,在令國家從屬於社會之中打碎並揚棄這個作為外在於社會的國家機器。這一行為<sup><a href="#fn13" id="ref13">[13]</a></sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">本身正是在社會的革命轉變中不折不扣的政治時刻,從代表現有產權的條件開始,對現有生產條件的清算。馬克思保留了在《哥達綱領批判》之前超過</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">三十</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">年的一個分析,就是他在</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="color: black;">1844</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">年的《評「普魯士人」的〈普魯士國王和社會改革〉一文》的文章中,已提到社會革命有一個政治時刻,<sup><a href="#fn14" id="ref14">[14]</a></sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">它遠不是確定的、創制的和建設性的,而是相反,在當前的社會生產的條件下基本上是消極的和破壞性的。這就是為什麼根據馬克思的文本,對「建立社會主義」和「建立共產主義」的公式沒有任何說法。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">巴黎公社<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="FR-CA" style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">此外,將共產主義理解為社會的革命轉變的政治時刻,巴黎公社的進程已經為馬克思提供了歷史例證。這意味著,當馬克思在</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="color: black;">1875</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">年撰寫《哥達綱領批判》時,他首先考慮了可以從公社的經驗中汲取的教訓。根據馬克思的說法,公社作為一個「全新的歷史形態」,它基本上是「摧毀現代國家政權」,「將把靠社會供養而又阻礙社會自由發展的寄生贅瘤——『國家』,迄今所吞食的一切力量歸還給社會機體」,這首先廢除了「常備軍和官吏」的「兩項最大的開支」,以及社會的壓迫。這就是國家機關——其阻礙、羈絆、壓制自身活動的贅瘤——被摧毀的基本的政治時刻,馬克思向公社致敬是因為「終於發現的、可以使勞動在經濟上獲得解放的政治形式」。<sup><a href="#fn15" id="ref15">[15]</a></sup></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">那裡,否定性的和摧毀性的政治時刻同時不能分開地成為一個創造的和解放的社會時刻。其實公社的組成,是在摧毀現代國家的行為的意義上而被視為社會的革命轉變的工具,當然這不是一個全新的政治現實(無論是社會主義還是共產主義)的積極創立。這是一個對阻礙社會自由發展的國家而摧毀它的政治時刻:是對一個障礙的摧毀,而不是一個新秩序的建立。</span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CA" style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">公社是作為工人階級否定和摧毀舊國家政權所採取的政治形式,他對新的政治權力的組成不具任何的意義。正如馬克思所說的那樣,它只是一種工具,「公社應當應為根除階級的存在所賴以維持、從而階級統治的存在所賴以維持的那些經濟基礎的工具」。<sup><a href="#fn16" id="ref16">[16]</a></sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">因此,根據馬克思,工人階級所做的工作並非首要是政治工作,而是一種社會工作,當然,這是經過某個時刻的政治手段,但其目的始終是社會的。這種社會目的莫過於「剝奪剝奪者」,<sup><a href="#fn17" id="ref17">[17]</a></sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">也就是說,廢除私有財產,順便說一下,這不是意味著廢除任何財產,亦不是建立集體財產,而是透過將生產條件(特別是生產資料)置於社會控制之下「實現個人所有權」,因為這些生產條件實際以占有大量勞動和剝削而損害個人所有權。然而,這項社會性的工作恰恰是公社的工作,正是這項工作馬克思稱它的名字:「這個共產主義,是『不可能』的共產主義」,卻出現相反的「是非常『可能』的共產主義」。</span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CA" style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">因此,馬克思重複他早在《德意志意識型態》時所說的話不足為奇,即共產主義既不是烏托邦,也不是理想。「(工人階級)他們並沒有想靠人民的法令來實現現成的烏托邦」,「工人階級不是要實現什麽理想,而只是要解放那些在舊的正在崩潰的資産階級社會裡孕育著的新社會因素」。<sup><a href="#fn18" id="ref18">[18]</a></sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">對於共產主義不是一個社會的和政治的國家,馬克思對此不可能再多說什麼,因為這樣便以預想的烏托邦或理想的形式及其政治行動,將它們理解為創制或建立符合這一理想的秩序;而這毋寧是一種對當前社會誕生的「更高形式」所受到的阻礙而將其根除的社會過程,<sup><a href="#fn19" id="ref19">[19]</a></sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">這是一個不經過根除這些阻礙的政治時刻(即國家作為一個獨立於社會的實體)便無法實現的過程,以及創造一種不分離於社會和政治的新的組織形式。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">消滅現存狀況的現實的運動<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="FR-CA" style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">我們回到《德意志意識型態》,它將共產主義的觀念視為「消滅現存狀況的<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">現實的</b>運動」。<sup><a href="#fn20" id="ref20">[20]</a></sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">這裡,我們有一個反烏托邦的模式,這顯然是</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">在</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">歷史形勢和<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">現存的</b>社會下共產主義具有的<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">內在性</b>。然而,如果馬克思思想的某些傾向朝著這個方向發展,<sup><a href="#fn21" id="ref21">[21]</a></sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">那麼它並不一定意味著近代資本主義社會已經存在共產主義的客觀要素,而其內在發展可以使這個社會超越資本主義。毫無疑問,這一概念可以建立在馬克思思想的元素之上,並且至今仍在馬克思主義中發揮了重要作用,正如哈德(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Michael Hardt</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)和奈格利(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Antonio Negri</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)所採取的立場證明那樣。<sup><a href="#fn22" id="ref22">[22]</a></sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">我們知道,洪席耶(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Jacques Rancière</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)拒絕這種「使共產主義內在於資本主義的過程而產生的後果——暫時的前景」,<sup><a href="#fn23" id="ref23">[23]</a></sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">但他認為這同樣是要反對馬克思所想的。然而,我們可以看到在馬克思那裡,作為「現實的運動」的共產主義模式,只有在與革命<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">實踐</b>的主旨產生關聯時才具有實際涵義,事實上,沒有這些,共產主義將變成等同為<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">由內部</b>發展而破壞和開始廢止當前狀態的一系列矛盾。在這種情況下,馬克思為什麼會談到「現實的運動」(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">wirklich</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)?事實上,事物現狀內部的所有矛盾不止是一種「運動」,而是一種現實的運動,或者更確切地說是一種</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">實際的</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA" style="color: black;">effectif</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)運動。即是如果我們認為馬克思這裡用了</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">wirklich</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(其在某種程度上歸功於黑格爾),這種運動不僅目前正起作用並</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">產生當前效應,而且最重要的是,它甚至必須被認為是承載理性及對其實現的。<sup><a href="#fn24" id="ref24">[24]</a></sup></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">在我看來,對於現存事物狀態的內在矛盾的自動展開,並不是馬克思所認為的且在其術語意義上的(一種我們可以認為<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">強有力</b>的意義)「<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">實際</b>的運動」。我認為「實際的運動」一詞這裡只有在有意識的、自願的實踐中才具有意義,這使得「實際的」是在「理性的」意義上而言。馬克思確實在《資本論》裡寫道:「生產資料集中和勞動的社會化,達到了同它們的資本主義外殼不能相容的地步」,<sup><a href="#fn25" id="ref25">[25]</a></sup></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">並立即補充說「這個外殼就要炸毀了」。但是,確切地說,如果它被炸毀,這個外殼不會單獨的被炸毀。</span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CA" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">按照這個模式,我們認為共產主義已經存在,由那些正在努力破除現存狀況和在其他基礎上徹底重組它的人所承擔的政治實踐中而體現了出來。在集體、有意識和自願的組織實踐中,共產主義將會存在於其中。在《哥達綱領批判》文件中,它告訴工人們<span style="color: black;">「變革現在的生產條件」:共產主義現時在這個和其他地方的工作完全是(消極地)顛覆現有秩序的政治工作,同時(積極地)在理論上作出揭示和盡可能的實現(實踐)當今社會正在萌芽的生活形式(但它不斷受到阻撓、分化和壓迫)。這樣,所有這些共產主義或社會主義的生活的實現,只能靠自覺地、有意識地<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">反抗</b>目前的社會。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CA" style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">從這個意義上說,我認為,依據的馬克思想法,共產主義當然是現今的一股<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">力量</b>(從潛藏的意義上而言),如果沒有自覺的努力和有意識地反抗當前的狀況,共產主義是無法單獨成為真正的和活躍的<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">趨勢</b>,也就是說,不能真正<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">反抗</b>阻礙自身實現的現存狀況。這就是為何沒有什麼通道的或過渡的說法,更不用說從資本主義到共產主義的自動過渡了。共產主義首先是反對資本主義條件的建立和累積,如果沒有共產主義者(男和女)的思考和行動,這是不會發生的。人們確實可以是「沒有共產主義的共產主義者」(不指涉在資本主義中已經存在的客觀的和內在的共產主義這個意義而言),正如洪席耶所謂的沒有共產主義者便沒有共產主義。<sup><a href="#fn26" id="ref26">[26]</a></sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">從這個意義上說,在我看來,馬克思並不認為共產主義的實現能從資本主義(或其法則)中達成,這即意味著它是已經存在的力量,消極地消除或減弱資本主義而得到實現(在馬克思身後),同時是終點、結束和完成,而是相反:共產主義的實現或完成不是來自資本主義自身,而是它的另一面,對它的<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">否定</b>。這種否定實際上是<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">共產主義者</b>(男和女)在資本主義中有意識地和自願地作出的。共產主義生活方式的特點是聯合、生產資料公有和絕對的平等,不認同真實的或象徵的國界,抵抗生產資料私有化和生活私人化的過程。今天對我們來說,一個重大的問題是,這種對資本主義否定的承擔者和主角,似乎不再能夠獲得一種明顯與馬克思想法一致的保證。我不想說今日沒有更多的無產者或可識別為工人的群體,相反,大約從</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">十五</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">年前開始,整個人口層份便無產階級化,這是因為當前資本主義的階級加速分化過程的結果。一個唯一客觀的無產階級化是不足以形成「共產主義者」的,但問題不在這裡。要問的問題是在今天的無產階級和工人(實在的和非實在的)群體之中,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">誰</b>和在<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">哪裡</b>會以行動、思考和生活實踐而符合我們試圖所提出的共產主義者的涵義。這裡,在問題未顯露出來之前,我們無法回答這個問題。</span></div>
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<sup id="fn1">[1]<a href="#ref1" id="#fn1=">↩</a></sup><span lang="FR-CA">K. Marx, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Manifeste du parti
communiste</i>, Paris, Éditions Sociales, 1954, p.49.</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">譯註:《共產黨宣言》,《馬恩全集》中文版,第</span><span lang="FR-CA">4</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">卷,</span><span lang="FR-CA">491</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">頁。</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><br />
<br />
<sup id="fn2">[2]<a href="#ref2" id="#fn2=">↩</a></sup><span lang="FR-CA">K. Marx, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Le Capital</i>,
livre I, trad. et dir. par J.-P. Lefebvre, Paris, PuF, « quadrige », 1993, p.90.</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">譯註:《資本論》卷一,《馬恩全集》中文版,</i></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-style: italic;">第</span><span lang="FR-CA"><i>23</i></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">卷,</span><span lang="FR-CA">95</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁。</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<sup id="fn3">[3]<a href="#ref3" id="#fn3=">↩</a></sup><span lang="FR-CA">A. Badiou, S. Žižek, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">L’idée
du communisme</i>, Paris, Lignes, 2010.</span><br />
<span lang="FR-CA"><br /></span>
<sup id="fn4">[4].<a href="#ref4" id="#fn4=">↩</a></sup><span lang="FR-CA">T. Negri, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Goodbye Mister
Socialism</i>, Paris, Le Seuil, 2007.</span><br />
<br />
<sup id="fn5">[5]<a href="#ref5" id="#fn5=">↩</a></sup><span lang="FR-CA">S. Žižek, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Après la tragédie,
la farce ! Ou comment l’histoire se répète</i>, trad. D. Bismuth, Paris,
Flammarion, 2010, notamment p.151.</span><br />
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<sup id="fn6">[6]<a href="#ref6" id="#fn6=">↩</a></sup><span lang="FR-CA"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid</i>.,p.149.</span><br />
<span lang="FR-CA"><br /></span>
<sup id="fn7">[7]<a href="#ref7" id="#fn7=">↩</a></sup><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">列寧在《國家與革命》(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">L’État et la révolution</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)(</span><span lang="FR-CA">1917</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)一書中,將馬克思的</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">優點歸功為樹立了「社會主義和共產主義在科學上明顯的差別」(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">譯註:《國家與革命》,《列寧全集》中文第二版,第<span lang="FR-CA">31</span>卷,<span lang="FR-CA">94</span>頁。作者引文與列寧譯文有所出入</i>),在兩個連續的階段(「第一」階段之後到「高級」階段)之間通往「完全共產主義」。通過這種方式,列寧將打碎舊有國家機器和令它屈服於社會的消極時刻,轉變為一個「工農兵代表蘇維埃國家」實行掌控社會的一個積極進程。</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;"><br /></span>
<sup id="fn8">[8]<a href="#ref8" id="#fn8=">↩</a></sup><span lang="FR-CA">A. Badiou, S. Žižek, L’idée du communisme, op.cit., pp.148-149.</span><br />
<br />
<sup id="fn9">[9]<a href="#ref9" id="#fn9=">↩</a></sup><span lang="FR-CA">K. Marx, Critique du programme de Gotha, trad. Sonia
Dayan-Herzbrun, Paris, Éditions Sociales, « La GEME », 2008, p.73.</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">譯註:《哥達綱</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">領批判》,《馬恩全集》中文第一版,第</span></i><i>19</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">卷,</span></i><i>31</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">頁。</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><br />
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<sup id="fn10">[10]<a href="#ref10" id="#fn10=">↩</a></sup><span lang="FR-CA"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid.,p.70.</i> </span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">譯註:同上,</i></span><i>29</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">頁。</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><br />
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<sup id="fn11">[11]<a href="#ref11" id="#fn11=">↩</a></sup><span lang="FR-CA"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid.,p.72.</i> </span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">譯註:</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">同上,</span></i><i>30</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">頁。</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><br />
<br />
<sup id="fn12">[12]<a href="#ref12" id="#fn12=">↩</a></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">馬克思明確地排除了這個假設</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,就是:「『公社已經證明』:工人階級不能簡單地掌握現成的國家機器,並運用它來達到自己的目的」。這個《法蘭西內</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">戰》的引文(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">譯註:《馬恩全集》中文版,</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">17</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">卷,</span><span lang="FR-CA">355</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">頁</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">),</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">馬克思和恩格斯在</span><span lang="FR-CA">1972</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年重新發行的《共產黨宣言》中又引用了(</span><span lang="FR-CA">op.cit.,p.18</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">譯註:《共產黨宣言》</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">1872</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年德文版序言,《馬恩全集》,</span><span lang="FR-CA">18</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">卷,</span><span lang="FR-CA">105</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。</span><br />
<br />
<sup id="fn13">[13]<a href="#ref13" id="#fn13=">↩</a></sup><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">無可否認,這是一種暴力行為,所以暴力與政治在馬克思本身(在列寧之前)有一種連繫,巴里巴(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Étienne Balibar</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)看到這個重大問題是正確的(見</span><span lang="FR-CA">Étienne Balibar, « Violence et politique. Quelques questions », <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Violence et civilité</i>, Paris, Galilée,
2010.</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span>
<sup id="fn14">[14]<a href="#ref14" id="#fn14=">↩</a></sup><span lang="FR-CA">K. Marx, « Gloses critiques en marge de l’article ‘Le roi de Prusse
et la réforme sociale. Par un Prussien’», Œuvres iii, Paris, Gallimard, « La
Pléiade », 1982, p.417 :</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「每一次革命都是破壞<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">舊社會</span></b>,所以它是<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">社會的</span></b>。每一次革命都推翻<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">舊政權</span></b>,所以它具有<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">政治性</b>。」(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">譯註:</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">《評「普魯士人」的〈普魯士國王和社會改革〉一文》</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">,</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《馬恩全集》中文版,第</span><span lang="FR-CA">1</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">卷,</span><span lang="FR-CA">488</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁。</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><br />
<br />
<sup id="fn15">[15]<a href="#ref15" id="#fn15=">↩</a></sup><span lang="FR-CA">K. Marx, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La Guerre civile en
France</i>, Paris, Éditions Sociales, 1952, pp.50-51.</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">譯註:《法蘭西內戰》,</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">《馬恩全集》中文版,</span><span lang="FR-CA">17</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">卷,</span><span lang="FR-CA">361</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">頁。</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></i><br />
<br />
<sup id="fn16">[16]<a href="#ref16" id="#fn16=">↩</a></sup><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">ibid</span></i><span lang="FR-CA">., p.52.</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">譯註:同上,</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">362</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁。</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><br />
<br />
<sup id="fn17">[17]<a href="#ref17" id="#fn17=">↩</a></sup><span lang="FR-CA"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id</i>. </span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在《資本論》卷一最後倒數第二章,</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">亦可以找到相同的方式</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i><span lang="FR-CA">(op.cit., p.876). </span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">譯註:《資本論》卷一,</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">《馬恩全集》中文版,</span></i><i>23</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">卷,</span><span lang="FR-CA">831</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">頁。</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><br />
<br />
<sup id="fn18">[18]<a href="#ref18" id="#fn18=">↩</a></sup><span lang="FR-CA"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ibid</i>., p.53.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">譯註:《法蘭西內戰》,</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">《馬恩全集》中文版,</span><span lang="FR-CA">17</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">卷,</span><span lang="FR-CA">362—363</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">頁。</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span>
<sup id="fn19">[19]<a href="#ref19" id="#fn19=">↩</a></sup><span lang="FR-CA"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id</i>.</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">譯註:同上,</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">363</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁。</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><br />
<br />
<sup id="fn20">[20]<a href="#ref20" id="#fn20=">↩</a></sup><span lang="FR-CA">K. Marx, F. Engels, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">L’idéologie
allemande</i>, trad. et dir. par G. Badia, Paris, Éditions Sociales, 1968, p.64</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:「共産主義對我們說來不是應當確立的狀况,不是現實應當與之相適應的理想。我們所稱為共産主義的是那種消滅現存狀况的現實的運動。」(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">譯註:《德意志意識型態》,</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">《馬恩全集》中文版,</span><span lang="FR-CA">3</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">卷,</span><span lang="FR-CA">40</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">頁。</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><br />
<br />
<sup id="fn21">[21]<a href="#ref21" id="#fn21=">↩</a></sup><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">尤其是《政治經濟學批判大綱》(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">Grundrisse</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)(我們知道它在</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">奈格利(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Antonio Negri</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)的思想中扮演決定性的角色,見下文</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),馬克思以這種方式解釋說,大工業資本主義允許發展「生產力和社會關係——這二者是社會的個人發展的不同方面——對於資本來說僅僅表現為手段,僅僅是資本從它有限的基礎上出發進行生</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">產的手段</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,但是,實際上它們是炸毀這個基礎的物質條件」。</span><span lang="FR-CA">(K. Marx,
Manuscrits de 1857-1858, « <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Grundrisse</i>
», trad. et dir. par J.-P. Lefebvre, Paris, Éditions Sociales, 1980, tome II,
p.194).</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">譯</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註:《馬恩全集》中文版,第</span><span lang="FR-CA">46</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">卷下(補卷馬克思經濟手稿),</span><span lang="FR-CA">219</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁。</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><br />
<br />
<sup id="fn22">[22]<a href="#ref22" id="#fn22=">↩</a></sup><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這裡同樣是奈格利的文章,另見</span><span lang="FR-CA">Michael Hardt, Antonio Negri, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Empire</i>,
trad. D.-A. Canal, Paris, Exils, 2000, notamment p. 73</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:「</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">我們繼續申明,帝國的建設是向前邁進了一步,以擺脫任何對舊的權力結構的依戀……;新形勢增加了解放的潛力……:帝國增加了解放的可能性」。哈德和奈格利這裡寫的,基本上是他們對於生產轉型的理解,由於非物質工作的霸權越來越大,因為它允許不斷增長的公有生產:「經濟產品的生產往往與社會關係的生產和最終是社會本身相混淆」(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Michael Hardt, Antonio Negri, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Multitude</i>,
trad. n. Guilhot, Paris, La Découverte, 2004, p.396</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)。因此,非物質的工作過渡到生產的表象為「生產的諸眾螺旋式的展開,啟動公有的美德的循環」(同上),其內在於一個螺旋資本主義的當前階段,必須結合這個運動和擴大它。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<br />
<sup id="fn23">[23]<a href="#ref23" id="#fn23=">↩</a></sup><span lang="FR-CA">Jacques Rancière « Communistes sans communisme », in A. Badiou/S.
Žižek, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">L’idée du communisme</i>, op.cit., p.231 et suiv.</span><br />
<br />
<sup id="fn24">[24]<a href="#ref24" id="#fn24=">↩</a></sup><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我們知道,根據黑格爾的說法,現實的(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">die Wirklichkeit</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,本質邏輯</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">的範疇</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)不同於簡單的「現實」(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">die Realität</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,存在邏輯的範疇),後者被認為是在思想和理性之外的事物。相反,前者只能被認為是現實的,因為它從外部表現出來的理性,</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">實為棲息在內部的。這就是為何黑格爾寫道:「與單純的外表形成對比的現實性,首先是內在和外在的統一,它遠不是理性的對立面,而是更加理性,因此,不是理性的東西不應該被認爲是現實的。」</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-fareast-font-family: Dotum;">(G. W. F. Hegel, Encyclopédie
i : <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La Science de la logique</i>, Additif
au § 142, trad. B. Bourgeois, Paris, Vrin, 1986, p.575).</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<sup id="fn25">[25]<a href="#ref25" id="#fn25=">↩</a></sup><span lang="FR-CA">K. Marx, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Le Capital</i>, op.
cit., p.856.</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">譯註:《資本論》卷一,</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">《馬恩全集》中文版,</span></i><i>23</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">卷,</span><span lang="FR-CA">831</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">頁。</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><br />
<br />
<sup id="fn26">[26]<a href="#ref26" id="#fn26=">↩</a></sup><span lang="FR-CA">J. Rancière, « Communistes sans communisme », op. cit., pp. 231 et
suiv. </span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">洪席耶</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「沒有共產主義」的表達,指拒</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">絕任何將共產主義想像為「歷史必然性的表達」或是「英雄式推翻這種必然性」(</span><span lang="FR-CA">p.244</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)。</span>
驛站http://www.blogger.com/profile/11378808425722503912noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-361642193953372193.post-35884196984990824712019-02-07T01:03:00.001+01:002019-02-09T04:40:03.186+01:00悼念科林.巴克(Colin Barker)(1939—2019)——一位致力於自下而上的社會主義願景的馬克思主義者<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span lang="FR-CA"> Alex
Callinicos </span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">宋治德</span> <span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">譯</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">譯按:原載於《社會主義工人報》(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Socialist Worker</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)網頁</span><st1:chsdate day="6" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="2" w:st="on" year="2019"><span lang="FR-CA">2019</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="FR-CA">2</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="FR-CA">6</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">之</span><span lang="FR-CA"><a href="https://socialistworker.co.uk/art/47855/Colin+Barker+++a+Marxist+committed+to+socialism+from+below?fbclid=IwAR2QapUHIg4TChpnLuIdgjLlHeWOg2bCzhClSF9rN-t-bR63K5Apa6WzkCQ"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">文章</span></span></a></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption">科林.巴克(Colin Barker)(1939—2019)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">科林.巴克(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Colin Barker </span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">)是在過去數天內,繼</span><span lang="FR-CA"><a href="https://ma-petite-taverne.blogspot.com/2019/01/erik-olin-wright.html?fbclid=IwAR2M2YLSi8auPboU3T2vvSQRu5wFZxGP0SEhmljTmENFzRqqR0FrR9PGNe0"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">埃里克.歐林.賴特</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Erik Olin Wright</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">)和傑瑞米.哈</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">迪(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Jeremy Hardy</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">)後,又一位離開了我們的傑出社會主義者。在</span><span lang="FR-CA">1950</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">至</span><span lang="FR-CA">1970</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">年代間,以圍繞托尼.克利夫(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Tony Cliff</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">)為首的「國際社會主義者」(</span><span lang="FR-CA">International Socialists</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">)團體(現在是社會主義工人黨(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Socialist
Workers Party</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">))的一批優秀知識分子,科林屬於當中離世的最後一位了。</span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CA">1960</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">年代初,科林在牛津大學讀書時加入了國際社會主義者團體,他後來搬去了曼徹斯特而在曼徹斯特理工學院(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Manchester Polytechnic</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)任教</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">,現為曼徹斯特都會大學(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Manchester Metropolitan University</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)。他和他的終生伴侶、社運活躍人士埃瓦(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Ewa</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)在那裡生活,並養大了他們的孩子。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CA">1960</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">年代間,科林與克利夫緊密合作。他們尤其要力圖掌握迅速變化的工人運動的發展。他們共同撰寫了一本小書《收入政策、立法、車間員工代表》(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">Incomes Policy,
Legislation, and Shop Stewards</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">),其預示了</span><span lang="FR-CA">1970</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">年初期在英國爆發的<span lang="FR-CA"><a href="https://socialistworker.co.uk/art/7054/What+the+70s+can+teach+us+all+today"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">基層員工進擊的趨勢</span></span></a></span>。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CA">1970</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">年代,科林是《國際社會主義》(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">International Socialism</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)期刊負責評論專欄的編輯。在那時,他委托我寫一些評論,我開始瞭解他。在我們之間的通信中,科林有禮貌地糾正了我的錯誤和浮誇的文風,教導我應該如何寫作。我的第一本著作<span lang="FR-CA"><a href="https://www.marxists.org/chinese/reference-books/callinicos-1976/index.htm"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">《阿圖塞的馬克思主義》</span></span></a></span>(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">Althusser’s Marxism</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">),雖然他對此書並不熱忱,卻十分耐心地對其進行校訂工作。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">科林作為一位智識良師,教導了好幾代人,我當時只是在眾多親炙於他的年輕社會主義者中的一員。我們喜歡他的熱情、善良和幽默(他有著感染力的格格笑聲)。雖然如此,但我們清楚他具備的這些特質之中,同時秉持著一種對追求智識真理的嚴謹態度。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">他這種對追求智識真理的嚴謹態度,呈現在他於</span><span lang="FR-CA">1970</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">年代間介入了眾多馬克思主義理論家對有關國家與資本之間關係的辯論中。他指認出其他人遺漏的兩個重要面向。首先,國家是作為資本,換句話說,不止是提供資本積累的條件,而是自身作為資本而行事。第二,國家是「複數」的形式,存在於競爭的國家體系之中。克利夫早期的<span lang="FR-CA"><a href="https://socialistworker.co.uk/art/44652/Tony+Cliff+matters+for+socialists+today"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">國家資本主義理論</span></span></a></span>,便是建基在這些洞見之上而發展起來的。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">然而,科林從未退縮在純粹理論的學術象牙塔裡。</span><span lang="FR-CA">1970</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">年代後期,他對發起成立反納粹同盟(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Anti-Nazi League</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)的組織起了積極的作用。在</span><span lang="FR-CA">1980</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—</span><span lang="FR-CA">81</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">年,當波蘭爆發了「團結工會」(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Solidarnosc</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)的大型工人運動期間,科林支持他的波蘭裔妻子埃瓦,去到當地作現場採訪報導。在團結工會運動被軍事政變鎮壓之後,科林和埃瓦特地為《國際社會主義》期刊撰寫討論團結工會運動失敗的專題文章。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">科林後來寫了一本關於這次波蘭工人運動經驗的優秀著作《被壓迫者的節慶:團結、改良與革命,</span><span lang="FR-CA">1980</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—</span><span lang="FR-CA">1981</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">》(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">Festival of the Oppressed:
Solidarity, Reform and Revolution in Poland, 1980-81</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),他也編纂了一書《</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">革命預演》(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">Revolutionary Rehearsals </span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">),裡面收錄的文章,討論從</span><span lang="FR-CA">1968</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">法國五月風暴到</span><span lang="FR-CA">1978</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—</span><span lang="FR-CA">79</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">伊朗革命等的工人起義。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">科林繼續研究馬克思主義的資本主義國家理論,其文章主要以草稿形式在網路上發表。爾後,他的智識興趣逐漸轉向瞭解社會運動的性質和動力。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">一如既往,科林的研究總與現實政治存在關聯。就像他對英國工人階級運動(在</span><span lang="FR-CA">1960</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代末到</span><span lang="FR-CA">1970</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代初復甦之前</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)鬥爭模式的研究一樣,</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">到了</span><span lang="FR-CA">1999</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—</span><span lang="FR-CA">2001</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年間,全球各地爆發反對資本主義全球化和帝國主義戰爭所引起的</span><span lang="FR-CA"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://socialistworker.co.uk/art/19283/The+1999+Seattle+protests+gave+birth+to+a+global+movement">龐大群眾運動</a></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">,他同樣以嚴謹的馬克思主義方法對其作出研究。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">他通過曼徹斯特都會大學舉辦的年度社會運動會議,幫助建立起一個跨越學術與行動主義兩者界限的激進知識分子社群。科林即使在曼徹斯特都會大學退休後,由於他的工作以及他給予年輕學者的不斷鼓勵,他的影響力持續增長。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">他對社會主義工人黨在</span><span lang="FR-CA">2012</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—</span><span lang="FR-CA">13</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">年經歷的嚴重內部危機而作出的決定,離開他</span><span lang="FR-CA">50</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">多年前加入的組織。這對於我和許多本黨的同志來說,實是一個非常遺憾的消息。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">雖然科林離開了本黨,但沒有抹去我們曾經一同在漫長旅途上所共同發展起來的遺產。在上週日(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">譯按:</span><st1:chsdate day="3" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="2" w:st="on" year="2019"><span lang="FR-CA">2</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="FR-CA">3</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">),他給他的朋友和同志的最後一封電郵中,重申了自下而上的國際社會主義傳統的社會主義願景。當我為科林哀悼並向埃瓦和他們兩個女兒表達我的慰問之時,那個願景是與我對我們時代的追憶交織在一起的。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />驛站http://www.blogger.com/profile/11378808425722503912noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-361642193953372193.post-47324350202596472032019-01-29T14:26:00.001+01:002019-02-14T01:50:38.695+01:00階級是埃里克.歐林.賴特(Erik Olin Wright)智識生涯的關鍵主題<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">譯按:原載於《社會主義工人報》(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Socialist Worker</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)網頁</span><st1:chsdate day="29" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="1" w:st="on" year="2019"><span lang="FR-CA">2019</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="FR-CA">1</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="FR-CA">29</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">之</span><span lang="FR-CA"><a href="https://socialistworker.co.uk/art/47807/Class+was+the+key+for+Erik+Olin+Wright?fbclid=IwAR2gEFduX927MmBmNynLWfuN97FraJBviUykCeivl6XPyaNwtlWKslQ6GKQ"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">文章</span></span></a></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。本文亦為「中文馬克思主義文庫」紀</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">念賴特系列之二,系列之一</span><span lang="FR-CA"><a href="https://ccyares.wordpress.com/2019/01/28/%E5%9F%83%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%E2%80%A7%E6%AD%90%E6%9E%97%E2%80%A7%E8%B3%B4%E7%89%B9%EF%BC%88erik-olin-wright%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%881947-2019%EF%BC%89-%E5%BE%9E%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D/?fbclid=IwAR1e7M3CR5htXN45T-xp-Pf-qsuSlUMxssNWhX8XmgCPvLcUDQnrLQFFhuE"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">〈埃里克.歐林.賴特(</span></span>Erik
Olin Wright<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">)(</span></span>1947<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">—</span></span>2019<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">)——從馬克思主義的階級理論到「真實烏托邦」計畫」〉</span></span></a></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPvKATFKN2JoJDvprUse_MsyMR6Pw1DlvOO1jsUIiA4PfR7gOPXKZ-KRlg_wBRMeVaOl19Cvkc43QzyAPxiR0iUwwgVrsDxrm1Fd13zF7evtSBOl3m4lMZodhVTfLxl5RvqpQZhnG564yi/s1600/Erik-Olin-Wright.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPvKATFKN2JoJDvprUse_MsyMR6Pw1DlvOO1jsUIiA4PfR7gOPXKZ-KRlg_wBRMeVaOl19Cvkc43QzyAPxiR0iUwwgVrsDxrm1Fd13zF7evtSBOl3m4lMZodhVTfLxl5RvqpQZhnG564yi/s320/Erik-Olin-Wright.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">埃里克.歐林.賴特(Erik Olin Wright)(1947—2019)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">馬</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">克思主義社會學家埃里克.歐林.賴特(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Erik Olin Wright</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)上週因白血病逝世,享年</span><span lang="FR-CA">71</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">歲。他在生命最後的數月裡,在自己部落格留下的文字,思路清晰,心境坦然,平靜沉思後寫下了「我終會如星塵般消散,返回到更一般的物質狀態」。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">儘管我們在</span><span lang="FR-CA">1960</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">年代末,都是同一所牛津大學的學生,但我是到後來才知道埃里克的。我特別記得,</span><span lang="FR-CA">2009</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">年</span><span lang="FR-CA">6</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">月,他和我都參與了由凱特.阿歷山大(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Kate Alexander</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)組織的在南非約翰內斯堡大學(</span><span lang="FR-CA">University of Johannesburg</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)舉行的一個有關階級的研討會。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">階級確實是埃里克智識生涯的主題,他主要在美國</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">威斯康辛大學麥迪遜分校(</span><span lang="FR-CA">University of
Madison-Wisconsin</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)教授社會學。他試圖要做的,就是將馬克思的階級理論與主流的社會科學的實證和定量方法結合起來。一般情況下,馬克思會在這樣的嘗試中消失了,但這卻不適用於埃里克的例子。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">他從未忽視馬克思的核心主張,即</span><span lang="FR-CA"><a href="https://socialistworker.co.uk/art/45953/Karl+Marx+showed+why+workers+have+the+power+to+change+the+world"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">階級是一種社會關係</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,其建立在社會中的一部分人對另一部分人的剝削之上的。尤其是在這三本出色的著作:他的博士論文《階級結構與收入分配》(</span><span lang="FR-CA">1979</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)(</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA"><i>Class Structure and Income
Distribution</i>)</span></span>(<i>譯按:應為《階級結構與收入決定》(Class Structure and Income Determination)</i>)<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、《階級》(</span><span lang="FR-CA">1985</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">Classes</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">譯按:中國高等教育出版社</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">2006</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年出版了中譯本</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)以及《階級的重要》(</span><span lang="FR-CA">1997</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">Class Counts</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。他的著作的特色,以宏大且精確的概念</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">與</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">嚴謹的實證結合了起來。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或者,他最著名有關階級的創新理論,就是「矛盾的階級位置」(</span><span lang="FR-CA">contradictory class locations</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。埃里克認為,在現代先進的資本主義社會中,有很大一部分的勞動力同時享有某部分資本家和某部分工人的財產。這是真實的,例如經理和主管級別的人員,他們屬於受薪雇員,但他們代表資本以確保對大量工人的剝削而行事。對於埃里克來說,這表明資本主義的階級結構比馬</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">克思所預測的更為複雜,因此,通往社會主義的道路將更為困難。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">無論這個理論的政治後果如何,在我看來,矛盾的階級位置的概念是卓有成效的。遺憾的是,在</span><span lang="FR-CA">1970</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代的馬</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">克思主義經濟學家們之間對於是否放棄馬克思的勞動價值理論(</span><span lang="FR-CA">labour theory of value</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)所掀起的一場爭論,其對埃里克產生了負面的影響。這裡有兩個方面。首先,馬克思自己對資本主義剝削的分析,是建基在<span lang="FR-CA"><a href="https://socialistworker.co.uk/art/15188/What%20is%20exploitation"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">勞動價值理論</span></span></a></span>之上的。他認為,所有新的價值都是由勞動創造的,但資本家將其中一部分——剩餘價值——作為利潤私占了。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">放棄馬克思的勞動價值理論<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">如果你放棄這個勞動價值理論,那你對剝削必須提出不同的解釋。埃里克從經濟學家羅默(</span><span lang="FR-CA">John Roemer</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)那裡得到啟發。例如,羅默說技術工人剝削較低技術的工人。更一般而言,這種方法傾向於將階級化約為收入差異,而不是在生產關係中的位置,這正是埃里克從一開始要拒絕的那種主流的階級論述。值得贊揚的是,他通過其智識生涯而抵制了羅默的剝削理論的這一意涵</span>(<i>譯按:作者是指羅默放棄勞動價值理論而代之以工人收入差異的剝削理論,但含蓄指出賴特是同意放棄勞動價值理論的</i>)<span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">第二方面,勞動價值理論亦是馬克思此一論點的基礎:資本主義本身容易受到利潤率下降趨勢的經常性經濟危機的影響。相反,埃里克對此認為(這情況就如他和布里格斯(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Harry Brighouse</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)與我,針對我的<span lang="FR-CA"><a href="https://www.books.com.tw/products/0010794094"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">《論平等》</span></span></a></span>(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">譯按:台灣唐山出版社</span><span lang="FR-CA">2018</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年出版了中文重譯本</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">Equality</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)一書的<span lang="FR-CA"><a href="https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~wright/Callin-rev.PDF"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">辯論</span></span></a></span>),「資本主義是一種具有相當大靈活性和能力的社會體系,能夠應付過去」。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">我們在這方面的分歧,在約翰內斯堡研討會上再次出現,該會議舉行</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 12pt;">(</span><i>譯按:上文已提及是2009年6月</i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">)</span></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">正好是由</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-family: "pmingliu";"><a href="https://socialistworker.co.uk/art/15990/Thinking+through+the+current+crisis">2007—08<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">年<span lang="EN-US">全球經濟崩盤</span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">後所引發的全球性經濟衰退的高峰期間。我認為埃里克低估了它的意義。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">他相信,改良資本主義的空間比起革命社會主義者所說的(如我認為的),要大得多。埃里克的後期歲月,主要的智識焦點集中在探索可能的改良和實現這些改良的策略。<span lang="FR-CA"><a href="https://www.books.com.tw/products/0010667256"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">《真實烏托邦》</span></span></a></span>(</span><span lang="FR-CA">2009</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">Envisioning
Real Utopias</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">譯按:台灣群學出版社</span><span lang="FR-CA">2015</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年出版了中譯本</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)一書便是致力於此。他在《雅各賓》</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 12pt;">(</span><i><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size: 12pt;">Jacobin</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 12pt;">)</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">雜誌發表的一篇文章,名為〈<a href="https://www.facebook.com/notes/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E6%96%87%E5%BA%AB/%E4%BB%8A%E5%A4%A9%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E6%88%90%E7%82%BA%E4%B8%80%E5%80%8B%E5%8F%8D%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E8%80%85-eowright19472019/2124536284524919/">今日如何成為一個反資本主義者</a>〉(</span><span lang="FR-CA">2015</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)(</span><span lang="FR-CA">How
to Be an Anticaptialist Today </span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">),概括了其複雜的論點,他呼籲社會主義者「拋棄摧毀資本主義的幻想」,並且集中於「馴服和削弱資本主義」。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">埃里克的這類文章,與他的其他所有作品一樣,都是非常謹慎和精巧地進行論證。他顯然是一位勤懇的模範老師,深受學生們的愛戴。我對他的家人、朋友和學生,致以慰問。所有社會主義者,都應該為失去了一位非常有創造力的馬克思主義知識分子而哀悼。<br /><br /><i>譯按:「中文馬克思主義文庫」紀念賴特系列</i></span><br />
<i><a href="https://ccyares.wordpress.com/2019/01/28/%E5%9F%83%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%E2%80%A7%E6%AD%90%E6%9E%97%E2%80%A7%E8%B3%B4%E7%89%B9%EF%BC%88erik-olin-wright%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%881947-2019%EF%BC%89-%E5%BE%9E%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D/">〈埃里克‧歐林‧賴特(1947-2019)——從馬克思主義的階級理論到「真實烏托邦」計畫</a><br /><a href="https://www.facebook.com/notes/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E6%96%87%E5%BA%AB/%E5%A2%9C%E5%85%A5%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%A6%E7%83%8F%E6%89%98%E9%82%A6erik-olin-wright-%E9%80%9F%E5%AF%AB%E4%BF%AE%E8%A8%82%E7%89%88/2120742874904260/?__tn__=HH-R">〈墜入真實烏托邦︰Erik Olin Wright 速寫(修訂版)〉</a><br /><a href="https://ccyares.wordpress.com/2019/01/30/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E6%A6%9C%E6%A8%A3-%E6%82%BC%E5%9F%83%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%E2%80%A7%E6%AD%90%E6%9E%97%E2%80%A7%E8%B3%B4%E7%89%B9%E2%97%8Edavid-calni/">〈我們所有人的榜樣——悼埃里克‧歐林‧賴特〉</a><br /><a href="https://ccyares.wordpress.com/2019/02/02/%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%A6%E7%83%8F%E6%89%98%E9%82%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%AF%A6%E8%B8%90%E8%88%87%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E2%97%8Emichael-burawoy%E2%94%82%E9%99%B3%E5%AE%97%E5%BB%B6%E8%AD%AF%E3%80%81%E5%AE%8B%E6%B2%BB/?fbclid=IwAR2iZwUjkzk779dO9yKkq7O2LgXVD9fckH5-OkyExwDHB23A8VMKDyY1JMg">〈真實烏托邦的實踐與理論〉</a><br /><a href="https://www.facebook.com/notes/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E6%96%87%E5%BA%AB/%E4%BB%8A%E5%A4%A9%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E6%88%90%E7%82%BA%E4%B8%80%E5%80%8B%E5%8F%8D%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E8%80%85-eowright19472019/2124536284524919/">〈今天如何成為一個反資本主義者〉</a></i></div>
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<a href="https://www.facebook.com/notes/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E6%96%87%E5%BA%AB/%E8%B3%B4%E7%89%B9erik-olin-wright19472019%E7%94%9F%E5%89%8D%E5%B0%88%E8%A8%AA%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A%E7%82%BA%E4%BD%95%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81/2130229757288905/?notif_id=1550104968403364&notif_t=page_post_reaction&ref=notif">賴特(Erik Olin Wright)(1947—2019)生前專訪:階級為何重要?</a></div>
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驛站http://www.blogger.com/profile/11378808425722503912noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-361642193953372193.post-14320021363880781732018-10-24T16:32:00.000+02:002018-10-24T16:59:22.900+02:00福山為何仍然沒能理解歷史?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="FR-CA">Alex Callinicos
</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">宋治德</span> <span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">譯</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">譯按:原載於</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《社會主義工人報》(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Socialist Worker</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)網頁</span><st1:chsdate day="23" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="10" w:st="on" year="2018"><span lang="FR-CA">2018</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="FR-CA">10</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="FR-CA">23</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">之</span><span lang="FR-CA"><a href="https://socialistworker.co.uk/art/47382/Why+Fukuyama+still+doesnt+get+history?fbclid=IwAR16bh7m0vMioF06-bJ4DZsuGGDngQP8RPVKQzcINZTowVrBdsmPnshA904"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">文<span lang="EN-US">章</span></span></span></a></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">弗朗西斯.福山(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Francis Fukuyama</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)出版了新書,標題異常枯燥乏味——《身份認同》(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">Identity</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">譯按:該書全名為《身份認同:對尊嚴的要求與怨恨的政治》</span><span lang="FR-CA">Identity: The Demand for Dignity and the Politics of Resentment</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,不太受人注意。但對比</span><span lang="FR-CA">1992</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,他的《歷史之終結與最後一人》(</span><i>The End of History and the Last Man</i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)一書問世時,情況就大不相同了。</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: small;">福山在他的新書裡,嘗試解答川普時代的階級問題。</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">他那時已經很有名了。</span><span lang="FR-CA">1989</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,在總統老布</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">希</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">轄下的國務院擔任政策規劃副主管期間,他發表了一篇名為〈歷史的終結?〉的</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;"><a href="https://www.embl.de/aboutus/science_society/discussion/discussion_2006/ref1-22june06.pdf"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">文章</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">他認為,美國在冷戰時期對斯大林主義俄羅斯的勝利,標誌著自由資本主義對共產主義的最終勝利。因此,這就是歷史的終結。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">福山跟隨偉大哲學</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">家黑格爾,將歷史理解為相互是對手的意識型態之間的鬥爭。他爭辯道,共產主義代表了能夠挑戰資本主義的最後一套進步思想。因此,它一旦失敗,歷史就結束了。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">福山被視為由美國總統雷根和英國首相柴契爾所闡述的資本主義「必勝論」(</span><span lang="FR-CA">triumphalism</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)的代言人。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">這樣說,對福山也是不公平的。在一個著名的段落裡,福山說「歷史的終結將是一個非常傷感的時刻」,它由「經濟計算、無止盡地解決技術問題、環境關注以及滿足複雜的消費者需求」所主導的。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">但在書裡(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">譯按:應是指</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《歷史之終結與最後一人》</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)他所闡述的論點,提出革命的馬克思被視為死狗了。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">《歷史之終結與最後一人》</span></span></td></tr>
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<span lang="FR-CA">1992</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">年,我與福山就關於他的書,在曼徹斯特市進行了一場辯論。在場的二百多名觀眾之中,沒有人打算支持他的論點,令到他不情願地承認:「我猜在曼徹斯特市歷史尚未結束。」<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">在其後的二十多年裡,歷史證明自己在各地都是頑強地活著。福山改變了他對馬克思的看法。回到</span><span lang="FR-CA">1989</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">年,他寫道,「當然,階級問題實際上在西方已經得到了解決。」<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">階級<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">「現代美國的平等主義代表了馬克思所構想的無階級社會的重要成就。」<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">到了</span><span lang="FR-CA">2016</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">年,福山有了不同的想法。他嘗試解譯川普當選的原因。他在《金融時報》(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">Financial Times</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)的<span lang="FR-CA"><a href="https://www.ft.com/content/6a43cf54-a75d-11e6-8b69-02899e8bd9d1"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">文章</span></span></a></span>寫道,社會階級「似乎已經在無數的工業化和新興市場的國家中,變成一個最重要的社會分裂」。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">福山接受《新政治家》(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">New Statesman</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)雜誌的</span><span lang="FR-CA"><a href="https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/observations/2018/10/francis-fukuyama-interview-socialism-ought-come-back"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">訪問</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">,推銷他的新書時,甚至更走前一步。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">他說:「到了這個時刻,在我看來,馬克思所說的某些情況被證明為真實的。」<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">「他(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">譯按:指馬克思</i>)談到了生產過剩的危機……工人將陷入貧困,因而需求不足。」<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">但福山仍然堅持他原初文章的基本框架。他認為歷史發展由黑格爾所說的「爭取肯認(</span><span lang="FR-CA">recognition</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)的鬥爭」所驅動的。這不僅體現在意識型態的鬥爭之中,也體現在當代的身份政治之中。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">縱然福山以各種方式誤讀了黑格爾的思想,但他也犯了與黑格爾同樣的將思想作為決定性因素的錯誤。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">馬克思會說,這沒有考慮到社會是如何通過由經濟關係的結構以及與之相互交織的生產技術來形塑的。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">福山將政治只是表面地理解為意識型態的</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">嬗變</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">和權力鬥爭。早在</span><span lang="FR-CA">1989</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">年,他認為可以不用理會馬克思了,因為那些宣稱從馬克思思想中獲得正當性的政權(當然是錯誤的)已經土崩瓦解了。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">過去三十年來,我們經受了馬克思對資本主義的批判其所具有持久重要性的這個痛苦教育,這種批判是對一個由階級剝削和週期性危機所界定的經濟體系。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">但是福山落後了,把馬克思思想的一些東西釘在一個基本上不變的理論框架之中。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">他專注於身份政治,卻沒有充分認識到他曾經慶祝過的新自由主義對此所造成的傷害,例如,鼓勵某些人去怪罪外來移民。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">那些想要了解當代歷史的人,最好還是從馬克思開始。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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驛站http://www.blogger.com/profile/11378808425722503912noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-361642193953372193.post-76961240850741997542018-07-18T01:06:00.001+02:002023-10-31T09:06:31.858+01:00關於《愛因斯坦遊記》英譯本對中國人的種族歧視評論之查證——他的香港見聞<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-aZNfS66xlirUSpKF42R59sc9A8UsnUYpqsxueVNMjB2K-E3oosyvC9qUPee3KjqDF1MQJwDDghq_rim2ibKzZUwZPW9C4Tql-LA3flzmAyIjG83wy0dhifd9EPml4CE7xp4E0G2yj0mF/s1600/Albert+Einstein.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="371" data-original-width="660" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-aZNfS66xlirUSpKF42R59sc9A8UsnUYpqsxueVNMjB2K-E3oosyvC9qUPee3KjqDF1MQJwDDghq_rim2ibKzZUwZPW9C4Tql-LA3flzmAyIjG83wy0dhifd9EPml4CE7xp4E0G2yj0mF/s320/Albert+Einstein.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 最近,英國《衛報》(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">The Guardian</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的一篇</span><span lang="FR-CA"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jun/12/einsteins-travel-diaries-reveal-shocking-xenophobia"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">報<span lang="EN-US">導</span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,關於美國普林斯頓大學出版社出版了《愛因斯坦遊記:遠東、巴勒斯坦和西班牙,</span><span lang="FR-CA">1922</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—</span><span lang="FR-CA">1923</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">》(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">The Travel Diaries of Albert
Einstein :Far East,Palestine and Spain, 1922-1923</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)(以下簡稱《遊記》)的英譯本,披露愛因斯坦於</span><span lang="FR-CA">1920</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代初遊歷中國時在日記寫下了帶有</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">種族歧視的評論,引起中文媒體的廣泛報導。</span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CA"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">據</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《衛報》</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">報導所引述而引發爭議的一段如下:<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">“industrious, filthy, obtuse people...Chinese don’t sit on benches while
eating but squat like Europeans do when they relieve themselves out in the
leafy woods. All this occurs quietly and demurely. Even the children are
spiritless and look obtuse…It would be a pity if these Chinese supplant all
other races. For the likes of us the mere thought is unspeakably dreary.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;"> 《遊記》編纂者</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Ze’ev Rosenkranz</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">講述愛因斯坦用了</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">industious</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">filthy</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">obtuse</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">三個字來形容中國人</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,中譯</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分別為</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">「勤勞」、「骯髒」和「昏鈍」,尤其</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">第三個字</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">「昏鈍」(</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">obtuse</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">極具冒犯性。</span><span lang="FR-CA">Rosenkranz</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">認為日記相關的內容,不啻與這位偉大的物理學家、反種族主義者和人道主義者</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">,存在頗大落差。由於自己從小對愛因斯坦敬仰的關係,個人習慣從不輕易採信一些二手報導(雖然這篇報導訪問了</span><span lang="FR-CA">Rosenkranz</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">),還是要找相關原文核證才甘心,以及瞭解愛因斯坦在什麼脈絡底下作出這樣的評語。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CA" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">據德國《明</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">鏡</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">》(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">Spiegel</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)週刊的相關</span><span lang="FR-CA"><a href="http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/nachrichten-am-morgen-die-news-in-echtzeit-a-1211573.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">報導</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,亦是轉述《遊記》英譯本的出版消息,</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">用字分別為</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">emsige</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">schmutzige</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">stumpfsinnige</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,可能也是回譯。筆者尋遍網路世界都找不到《遊記》原文相關內容核證,大學圖書館亦沒有《遊記》德文版,實在不能確定德文原文也是否這三個字。最後</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">唯有</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">網購《遊記》英文版實體書,花了二十多歐元,對我來說真的不便宜。但當收到郵寄的實體書後,慶幸這筆錢還是值</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">得花的</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,因為《遊記》</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">英文版附有愛因斯坦日記手稿摹本的照片,結果有了新的發現。</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidH3nGazY8KqxwAUpLZC9D1nBfwNbwY1aTbLOmCq3cY0esSvIx4OCvDedd35yWz-9R3MknhPnHp9DAuWea293irSVtadzAkbmQgwSSYK9BMdLEejko1NLOhMAW5mJicFZaNwiFDi656siU/s1600/The+Travel+Diaries+of+Albert+Einstein+Far+East%252CPalestine+and+Spain%252C+1922-1923.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="328" data-original-width="260" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidH3nGazY8KqxwAUpLZC9D1nBfwNbwY1aTbLOmCq3cY0esSvIx4OCvDedd35yWz-9R3MknhPnHp9DAuWea293irSVtadzAkbmQgwSSYK9BMdLEejko1NLOhMAW5mJicFZaNwiFDi656siU/s320/The+Travel+Diaries+of+Albert+Einstein+Far+East%252CPalestine+and+Spain%252C+1922-1923.jpg" width="253" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">《愛因斯坦遊記:遠東、巴勒斯坦和西班牙,<span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size: 12pt;">1922</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 12.0pt;">—</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size: 12pt;">1923</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 12.0pt;">》</span></td></tr>
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<span lang="FR-CA"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《遊記》的相關內文</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="FR-CA"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">閱讀了《遊記》相關的記載後,若以這段引文指責愛因斯坦具有種族主義的評論,個人認為有點冤枉愛因斯坦了。另外,《遊記》主要記錄的,其實是當時愛因斯坦在毗</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">鄰中國大陸仍屬於英國殖民地的香港的見聞,</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">他當時實際到過中國的地方只有上海,但《遊記》</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">記敘不多。香港</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">有些網路評論者急不可待以此</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《衛報》引述的</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">《遊記》評論又再對中國人形象的成見加以「消費」一番,若然他們瞭解愛因斯坦上述段落所指的為當時的「香港人」(香港的華人)時,可能會失望了!</span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CA"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">首先,筆者請教了精通德語的中國同學幫忙,花費了一番功夫,確定相關報導內容手稿摹本的部分,原來德文為</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">Flessiges</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">dreckiges</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">stumpfes</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR-CA">128</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁)。據此,英譯本的三個字分別為</span><span lang="FR-CA">industious</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="FR-CA">filthy</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="FR-CA">obtuse</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,英譯字面意思基本是精準的。而中文意思分別為</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">「勤勞」、「骯髒」和「昏鈍」,「骯髒」在當時的狀況而言,畢竟是個客觀事實,主要是「昏鈍」一詞引起的爭議,似乎愛因斯坦真的具有這樣的意思。</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">《愛因斯坦遊記》手稿摹本照片,128頁。</td></tr>
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<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但是,當查閱三個字在《遊記》出現的段落和脈絡,卻有了不同的發現。原來英譯本</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">該段</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">將</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">stumpfes</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">譯為</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">lethargic</span></b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(同一個字,英譯者在其他地方有時又用</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">obtuse</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">lethargic</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中譯是「冷漠」</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">的意思</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。其次,《衛報》引述愛因斯坦遊覽中國的</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">該段</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,實際不是當時的中國大陸,而是在香港,該段出現在</span><st1:chsdate day="10" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="11" w:st="on" year="2018"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">11</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">10</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">條目之內,其記錄了愛因斯坦於</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">1922</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">11</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">9</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月從新加坡到達香港且直到</span><st1:chsdate day="11" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="11" w:st="on" year="2018"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">11</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">11</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">晚</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">離開香港坐船</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">去</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">上海之前,在香港的見聞</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。因為重要,茲引英譯本整段:</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">“This morning I visited the Chinese quarter of the mainland side with
Elsa. Industrious, filthy, lethargic people. Houses very formulaic, balconies
like beehive-cells, everything built close together and monotonous. Behind the
harbor, nothing but eateries[,] in front of which Chinese don’t sit on benches
while eating but squat like Europeans do when they relieve themselves out in
the leafy woods. All this occurs quietly and demurely. Even the children are
spiritless and look obtuse. It would be a pity if these Chinese supplant all
other races. For the likes of us the mere thought is unspeakably dreary.” <st1:chsdate day="10" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="11" w:st="on" year="1922">10-11-1922</st1:chsdate>
</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">p.129</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中譯如下:</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「今天早上我與埃爾莎(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">譯按:愛因斯坦第二任妻子</i>)去了內陸那邊(</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">mainland side</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">譯按:應該是九龍,見下述</i>)中國人居住的地區。人們是勤勞、骯髒和<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">冷</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">漠</span></b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">的</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。房子非常刻板,陽台如蜂窩,所有建築緊靠一起和單調。在海巷後面,只有小</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">餐館,中國人吃飯時不是坐在長椅上,而是像歐洲人在綠蔭叢林中解手時蹲下的姿勢,一切都悄然而故作莊重地出現。即使孩子們都無精打采和<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">冷漠</b>(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">譯按:德文仍是</span><span lang="FR-CA">stumpfes</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,但英譯這裡卻用了</span><span lang="FR-CA">obtuse</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)。如果這些中國人取代所有其他的民族,將是一件遺憾的事情。對於我們這些人來說,純粹這樣想是難以形容的鬱悶。」</span><st1:chsdate day="10" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="11" w:st="on" year="1922"><span lang="FR-CA">1922</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="FR-CA">11</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="FR-CA">10</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">(</span><span lang="FR-CA">129</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">頁)<span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">從《遊記》這個引起爭議的完整段落可以看到,愛因斯坦所指的中國人就是當時香港的華人。英譯者將</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">stumpfes</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">譯為</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">lethargic</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,實際三個字應該是</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">i</span><span lang="FR-CA">ndustious</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="FR-CA">filthy</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="FR-CA">lethargic</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,即「</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">勤勞」、「骯髒」和「冷</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">漠」才對。</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這裡若以</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">「冷漠」甚至「麻木」的意思來理解,這就說得通了</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。但同一個德文字,該段後來又將其譯作</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">obtuse</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,反而有點不通,難道指中國(即香港)的孩子們都是「昏鈍」的嗎?!不知是否</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">編纂者</span><span lang="FR-CA">Rosenkranz</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對《衛報》引述</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">錯</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">誤(</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《衛報》說他也是譯者,但</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">書內沒有標示他是譯者),</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">還是刻意要強調「昏鈍」的意思,愛因斯坦這裡用</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR-CA">stumpfes</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,他顯然</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">並非指智力上「</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">昏鈍」具貶低的意思。但也毋庸諱言,這段最後一句和《遊記》記敘遊覽遠東其他地區時,他當時不其然流露一種白人的優越感。<span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">另外,原文德文</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">festlandseite</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">譯為英文是</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">mainland side</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或令英譯者</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">也誤以為愛因斯坦在中國大陸對中國人的觀感。只要仔細看清楚,</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這是愛因斯坦到達香港翌日</span><st1:chsdate day="10" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="11" w:st="on" year="2018"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">11</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">10</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">條目之內的記敘,</span><st1:chsdate day="11" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="11" w:st="on" year="2018"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">11</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">11</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">晚愛因斯坦和妻子便乘</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">船往上海,在逗留香港不到兩天之內,以當時交通條件,不太可能當中跨越邊境去中國內地。<span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">至於「內陸那邊」究竟是在香港哪裡?據《遊記》記載,在同一條目內,愛因斯坦此前曾遊覽太平山頂時目睹當時英國殖民統治的種族隔離政策,華人被禁止在山頂居住(實際限制地區不止山頂)。所以,後來說去「內陸那邊」華人居住的地方,極大可能是九龍尖沙咀那一帶,也符合在「海巷後面」的描述。<span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">愛因斯坦在《遊記》裡同情香港勞動人民的記錄<span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">更重要的是,即使中青年的愛因斯坦在《遊記》裡流露有白人優越感的一面,不過,他也用了「樸素」(</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">modesty</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)、「溫良」(</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">gentleness</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)和「節儉」(</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">frugality</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)來形容香港社會底層的勞動人民,並對他們的苦況表達了無限的同情。當他從上海(亦都用「</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">骯髒」和「冷</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">漠」形容中國人,頁</span><span lang="FR-CA">193</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)再回到香港後,某天又遊覽完太平山頂步行下山時,沿途目睹不少苦力拖運磚塊到山上(當時主要為太平山上的殖民地高官權貴蓋房子或其他工程之用),有感而發寫道(英譯文字):<span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">“The entire route was taken up by Chinese men, women, and children,
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">「中國的男人、婦女和兒童占據了整條道路,把磚塊拖曳上山而呻吟。他們是塵世最可憐的人。他們的樸素、溫良和節儉,所得的回報卻是受到比牛畜更糟糕的殘酷壓迫和虐待。」</span><st1:chsdate day="5" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="1" w:st="on" year="1923"><span lang="FR-CA">1923</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="FR-CA">1</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="FR-CA">5</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR-CA">195</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁)</span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CA"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這裡清楚反映,愛因斯坦對於底層勞動人民同情的人道主義的關懷。但《遊記》英譯本編纂者</span><span lang="FR-CA">Rosenkranz</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,卻完全不提這些內容。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">愛因斯坦《遊記》只是私人記事,他生前根本沒有打算公開發表出版,那時期也沒有公開作出這種評論。即使</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">在《遊記》裡,私下對其他民族的觀感,用字無疑是輕率,但與種族主義的言論仍有距離。如果真的要批評,反而不是該段的「人們是</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">勤勞、骯髒和冷</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">漠的</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">,而是「取代其他民族」的說法。其實,他不止在香港,甚至在新加坡時也認為當地華人的高生育率會取代其他民族之類的說法(頁</span><span lang="FR-CA">121</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)。無可否認,當時愛因斯坦流露白人優越的心態或對他者(</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">the other</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)文化的輕蔑(還有對於中國女性的不尊重)。究其原因,這</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">與</span><span lang="FR-CA">19</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">世紀末到</span><span lang="FR-CA">20</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">世紀初,</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">歐洲白人對於亞洲人一般抱有高生育率的一種偏見,或者源於「黃禍論」的一種文化恐懼表現。愛因斯坦生於那個年代,無可避免受到這種偏見的影響。<span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">從《遊記》裡看到,當時愛因斯坦對於中國人(包括香港華人)的觀感帶有矛盾的兩面性。一方面,有「取代其他民族」的說法;另一方面又是「樸素、溫良和節儉的」,至於他在香港或上海對於中國人的觀感均用了「冷漠」來形容,倒是接近魯迅先生筆下中國人「麻木」的精神面貌。另外,他在香港認識到殖民地的種族隔離政策,目睹底層勞動人民受到的壓迫,寄予了無限的同情,同時他又暗示他們對於這種種壓迫卻又逆來順受。<span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">所以,即使他早期的《遊記》內容曝光,不但不會否定他後期反種族主義者、人道主義者的形象,更讓我們較全面瞭解德國納粹上台前的年代他思想的矛盾之處,即對於他者文化的負面態度。不過,自從德國納粹黨於</span><span lang="FR-CA">1933</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">年攫取政權上台後,令當時身在美國的愛因斯坦無法回國,最終定居美國。愛因斯坦這段受到納粹主義迫害而成為政治難民的經歷,切身感受納粹種族主義的禍害,令他的思想有所醒悟。當他到美國時,目睹了黑人遭受嚴重的種族壓迫,深感震驚,他後來為此特地去賓夕法尼亞洲的林肯大學(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Lincoln University</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)講演,因為該大學是美國首間向黑人頒授學位的大學。愛因斯坦中後期的人生經歷,才令他從政治上幡然成為一個反種族主義的人道主義者和社會主義者。<span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The Travel Diaries of Albert Einstein :Far
East,<st1:city w:st="on">Palestine</st1:city> and <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Spain</st1:country-region></st1:place>, 1922-1923<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Princeton</span></st1:placename><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> <st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype></span></st1:place><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> Press, 2018</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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驛站http://www.blogger.com/profile/11378808425722503912noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-361642193953372193.post-37960014112578834672018-04-15T04:29:00.000+02:002018-04-15T17:01:41.148+02:00歷史的毀滅(The Destruction of History)羅伯特‧納萊(Róbert Nárai)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">張維爾</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">譯</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">宋治德</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">校</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">校按:本譯文來自一位中國友人,要求代為校閱。原文刊載於美國《雅各賓》(</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Jacobin</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">)雜誌網頁之</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://jacobinmag.com/2018/02/lukacs-hungary-archives-marxism"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">文章</span></a></span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">。</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">羅伯特‧納萊(</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Róbert
Nárai</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">)是即將出版的盧卡奇未發表與未翻譯作品集的合編者和譯者。他也是澳大利亞組織「社會主義出路」(</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Socialist Alternative</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">)的成員。</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;">1956年6月27日,盧卡奇與前匈牙利總統薩卡希奇(Árpád Szakasits),在人民軍中央大樓。來源:Samai Antónia / hirado.hu</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">某個星期五,電話響起時太陽剛剛落下。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">布達佩斯市盧卡奇檔案館的邁什泰爾哈齊(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Miklós
Mesterházi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">)獲知匈牙利科學院(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">the
Hungarian Academy of Sciences</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MTA</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">)將沒收館藏的全部手稿和書信。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">接下來的星期一,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MTA</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">的雇員抵達並開始檢查藏品。他們查看了物品清單然後準備將材料搬到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MTA</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">下屬圖書館與信息中心的手稿與珍籍部門。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">據</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MTA</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">的說法,他們的决定是基於「學術完整」的精神</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">——</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">搬遷手稿將使他們能够把這些館藏數據化,從而讓更多學者可以接觸到這批材料。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">但我們得把</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MTA</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">的决定與匈牙利的歷史與政治情况聯繫起來。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">匈牙利自</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1989</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">年從國家社會主義向資産階級民主過渡以來,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MTA</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">就一直在裁員,使得研究和編輯的計劃近乎不可能實現。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">把盧卡奇的全部作品</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">——</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">有許多未發表的和尚待研究的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">——</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">存置到這樣一個機構,既不能服務於「學術完整」也不能有助於「研究」的利益,甚至相反,令它們失去用處。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">不僅如此,現在是一個威權政府控制著匈牙利,而它正想要改寫這個國家的過去。奧班(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Vicktor
Orbán</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">)政權已經在致力恢復匈牙利的國族主義和法西斯主義傳統了。它推倒了為紀念那些與霍爾蒂(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Miklós Horthy</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">)軍事獨裁和箭十字黨(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Arrow
Cross</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">)政權(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">校按:二戰時期與納粹德國狼狽為奸的匈牙利獨裁者和政黨</i>)作鬥爭的人們的雕像,卻以吹捧反猶分子和通納粹分子的碑牌代之。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">執政黨青民盟(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fidesz</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">)將任何被它視作「異類」的人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">——</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">外來移民、羅姆人、穆斯林、猶太人、共産黨人、社會主義者、自由派</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">——</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">當成替罪羊。它已經掌控了大量國家機關,又威脅要取締許多公民社會機構,包括中歐大學在內。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">在這種妄想與恐懼的環境中,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MTA</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">並不想表現得像在支持一個「共産主義者」,所以在以合理化處置和提高效率的幌子下,他們正在破壞檔案館。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">我們會失去什麽</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">盧卡奇檔案館是一處獨特的研究場所。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">訪客們走過盧卡奇自</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1945</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">年起至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1971</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">年去世所生活和工作過的房間。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">這間公寓</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">——</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">諷刺地在多瑙河畔俯瞰著自由橋</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">——</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">不僅保存著他的手稿,也有他的全部藏書,其中連同他所做的批注。這些年來,工作在這處場所的學者們差不多已經收集了這位偉大馬克思主義理論家曾發表過的所有東西。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">可一旦</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MTA</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">搬走手稿,檔案館就將失去它最寶貴的資産。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">一個例子可以讓我們看到它們的價值。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">盧卡奇最重要的理論成就之一是將商品生産的社會影響理論化。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">在這個體系下,製成品被與創造它們的工人分離。資本主義下的勞動是低賤和單調枯燥的;它把工人變成了機器。整個這套過程都是被設計來使利潤最大化的,它把人類經驗的質性維度</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">——</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">勞動</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">——</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">轉化成可量化的時間量度。「在這裡」,他在《歷史與階級意識》寫道,「人格也只能無奈地作爲旁觀者,無所作為地看著他自己的現存在成為孤立的分子,被加到異己的系統中去。<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(校按:〈物化與無產階級意識〉</i>」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">商品生產儘管是人類勞動的産物,卻只能在非人的社會機制中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">——</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">金錢、市場、資本以及工資</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">——</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">表達自身。它們對於人像是有生命的存在,作為自然的、敵對的而又安守其份的諸體系現於眼前,以至沒有人能將其理解,更別說掌控了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">商品生產一旦變得普遍起來,這種邏輯令人類存在的所有範疇置於它那數學理性之下。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">一套設計來處理數以千計案件的抽象的、形式上的法規,其負責制定生與死的法律系統。政治,從日常生活中分離出來後,開始顯得無法改變。巨大的差異分割為各個世界,而且每種存在的維度看起來都獨立於其它的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">盧卡奇後來在來自共産國際</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">開始是季諾維也夫掌舵,後來在斯大林手上</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">的壓力下放棄了這些立場。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">他激進的觀點是無法容于發生在蘇聯和國際共産主義運動內部的熱月反動。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">至今,他爲自己辯解的最明顯的嘗試是在《歷史與階級意識》的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1967</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">年版序言裡。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">其中,盧卡奇稱他沒有分辨清楚對象化(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">objectification</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">)(勞動)與異化(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">alienation</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">)(勞動的一種神秘化形式)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">但當我拜訪檔案館的時候,剩下的最後一位職員塞凱伊(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mari Székely</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">)告訴了我一系列盧卡奇自</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1933</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">年起寫於莫斯科時期早期的未發表手稿。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">其中的一篇文章,是盧卡奇接觸到馬克思的《</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1844</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">年經濟學哲學手稿》(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">校按:手稿在馬克思生前從未公開發表,直到</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1932</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">年由蘇聯的馬克思恩格斯學院整理出版,盧卡奇於</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1930</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">年代初在蘇聯為該學院工作而能讀到這份手稿</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">)後而重新審視他早期的一些主張。在即將出版的文集中包括這篇論文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">——</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">同樣還有其它以前還沒翻譯的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1924</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">年至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1933</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">年的材料</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">——</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">會澄清並深化認識這場辯論,進一步闡明盧卡奇的理論轉向以及他與斯大林主義那種不自在的調和。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">這只不過是在一座仍待探索的巨大迷宮中發現其中一條未曾走過的路徑而已。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">檔案館方面會定期舉辦會議和活動,讓來自匈牙利及世界各地的研究者可以聚在一起討論盧卡奇諸思想的批判潜力,其中許多仍然沒有被發表、被重視和被正確理解。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">舉例來說,對於盧卡奇對商品形式的分析,一個常見的誤解就是忽略反抗的位置。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">資本主義的支配性邏輯是定量化的,但是質性</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">——</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">在人類價值的意義上</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">——</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">永遠不可能完全被排除掉的。儘管資本家感受到的利潤最大化的驅動力純粹是量化的,但工人們感受到的卻是種質性的東西:一種對他們個性和人性的侵犯。這種對他們生活質量的損害爲反抗提供了基礎。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MTA</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">沒收盧卡奇手稿所借用的那個合理化處置和提高效率的幌子,表露出的正是資本家的量化邏輯;左翼以人的價值的名義對這一舉措的堅决抵制則表現了反抗的邏輯。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">正是出於這種精神,一份反對</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MTA</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">决定的聯署信</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">——</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">僅列舉一些包括赫勒(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Agnes
Heller</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">)、弗雷澤(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nancy
Fraser</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">)和詹姆森(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fredric
Jameson</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">)等在內的超過一千五百多個簽名</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">——</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">於</span><st1:chsdate day="25" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="1" w:st="on" year="2018"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">25</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">日</span></st1:chsdate><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">被送至科學院。類似的一份聯署信上載於網址</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.change.org/p/hungarian-academy-of-sciences-save-the-luk%C3%A1cs-archives-from-liquidation">change.org</a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">而正在網上流傳。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">維護檔案館其所包含的理論體系</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">套用盧卡奇在《小說理論》中的話</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">將有助於引領我們度過黑暗的時代和揭示指引我們的那些星辰。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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驛站http://www.blogger.com/profile/11378808425722503912noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-361642193953372193.post-82976346099635979262018-03-13T11:28:00.001+01:002018-04-15T16:57:26.154+02:00訪談:G.M.塔馬什(G.M. Tamás)論盧卡奇 ——盧卡奇的哲學及其遺產在匈牙利奧班政府治下遭受的攻擊<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">呂楊鵬 譯</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">宋治德</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">校</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">校按:本譯文來自一位中國友人,要求代為校閱。原文刊載於斯洛伐克</span><span lang="EN-US"> Kapitál</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">雜誌網頁,本文譯自</span><span lang="EN-US">Verso</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">出版社網頁上載之</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/3671-g-m-tamas-on-georg-lukacs-an-interview"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">文章</span></span></a></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">盧卡奇的墓碑,位於布達佩斯的克拉佩西公墓(<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Kerepesi Cemetery</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 12.0pt;">)。</span></td></tr>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">問:您能向我們更詳細地介紹一下盧卡奇嗎?在斯洛伐克與捷克,他更多地作為一位文學的批評家和理論家為人所知,但他同時也是一位傑出的馬克思主義哲學家。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">塔馬什:首先,在所謂「西方馬克思主義」(</span><span lang="EN-US">Western Marxism</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的範疇內,藝術的作用(在德語習慣中也包含文學和音樂)是至關重要的。所以,文藝評論家與馬克思主義哲學家並非兩個截然不同的專業。想想布洛赫(</span><span lang="EN-US">Ernst Bloch</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)、本雅明(</span><span lang="EN-US">Walter Benjamin</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)、阿多諾(</span><span lang="EN-US">Theodor W. Adorno</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)或者德波(</span><span lang="EN-US">Guy Debord</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)也一樣都是這類例子。盧卡奇在</span><span lang="EN-US">1918</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">到</span><span lang="EN-US">1924</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年間寫成關於倫理與政治哲學的重要革命性著作之前,他的《小說理論》(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Theory of the Novel</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)、《海德堡美學》(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Heidelberg Aesthetics</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)和《關于陀思妥耶夫斯基的筆記》(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Notes on Dostoevsky</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)便是序曲。他作為一名厭惡資産階級的保守派,尤其是基於倫理和美學立場而拒斥資本主義與戰爭的極少數人之一(不同于他的老朋友兼導師,韋伯和齊美爾),他經歷了一次近乎宗教皈依式的轉型,成為了一名被認為屬於無産階級的「哲學家集體」的共産黨理論家。儘管如此,藝術在盧卡奇心中仍然是實現社會主義的「手段」(</span><span lang="EN-US">organon</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),取代了超越性與烏托邦的位置。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">問:您怎樣看待盧卡奇的哲學與思想?您本人認識他嗎?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">塔馬什:不認識,我從未見過他,他在世期間我還沒從羅馬尼亞搬到布達佩斯,搬去布達佩斯已是很久以後的事了。我也不屬於他的學派。我欣賞他僅僅從</span><span lang="EN-US">1990</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代末開始,我也經歷了某種「皈依」馬克思主義的思想轉變。但在蘇聯解體後的世界中,認同以期盼世界革命——如盧卡奇那樣——作為主要的書寫方式,尤其像我曾在前蘇聯時期的全部日子裡對官方的「真正社會主義」的憎惡和本能地將<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">真正的</b>激進左翼視為聲譽掃地的失敗者,確實並不容易。然而,我認為盧卡奇的思想,不止是理解資本主義的有力工具(這正是馬克思主義的傳統長項),還提供了一種對資本主義超越性的想像——對資本主義的「揚棄」(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Aufhebung</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">問:我們收到了許多信件和聯署請願(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">校按:參閱下文附錄</i>),抗議盧卡奇檔案館的資料被移走。檔案館具有怎樣的地位和重要性?為什麽會發生這種事?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">塔馬什:匈牙利有著一個反動的極右政府,早已不是什麽驚人的秘密。該政府與歐洲的其他反動政府只在愚蠢、粗暴和無知的程度上有所差別。而像匈牙利科學院一類的學術機構,則誤以為只要順從且無原則地迎合鄙俗的右派,就能使奧班放過他們。出於這種考慮,他們决定將盧卡奇的手稿遷往城郊工業區某處難以接近的倉庫,我們根本不清楚誰能够看到手稿,更不用說與他們合作對手稿進行研究了,他們還對包括檔案館內的盧卡奇故居進行「裝修」。這些拙劣的說辭,無非是令所有對盧卡奇生平著作文獻和在檔案館進行的研究難以繼續,檔案館的職員,不是被裁撤、就是被退休了。總結下來:檔案館完了,科學院因國際輿論的抗議而尷尬不已,便佯稱他們的所作所為實際沒發生過。在一個連最溫和的自由派都被視作青面獠牙的共産主義者的政權下,盧卡奇——和有爭議的被視為匈牙利與中歐左派最偉大的思想家波蘭尼(</span><span lang="EN-US">Karl Polányi</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)——已不再能被研究和紀念。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">問:我還看到資料當局正著手從布達佩斯一個公園內移走盧卡奇的雕像,以聖史蒂芬一世(</span><span lang="EN-US">Saint Stenphen I</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">校按:匈牙利第一位國王</i>)的雕像取而代之,是這樣嗎?移除雕像的想法,據我所知,由一名年輕的民族主義者</span><span lang="EN-US">Marcell Tokody</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">提出,他是新納粹尤比克黨(</span><span lang="EN-US">Jobbik party</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)在布達佩斯市議會的議員。在地方議會,他的動議得到了掌權的青年民主主義者—匈牙利公民聯盟黨(</span><span lang="EN-US">Fidesz party</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)政客的支持。這也是針對哲學家盧卡奇的行動嗎?他不是被稱為「人民公敵」嗎?這與他的猶太血統有關嗎?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">塔馬什:以上皆是。雕像已經被移走了;對此發生了一些零星的、小規模的示威。盧卡奇在</span><span lang="EN-US">1919</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年匈牙利共産主義革命時期是副「人民委員」(</span><span lang="EN-US">People’s Commissar</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">校按:盧卡奇時任職位為「教育與文化人民委員部」副人民委員,即副部長級</i>),因此被一些人視為「猶太–布爾什維主義」的象徵而遭到攻擊。當然,</span><span lang="EN-US">1956</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年匈牙利反斯大林的革命時,盧卡奇在革命政府中擔任文化部長容易地被遺忘了(</span><span lang="EN-US">1956</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年革命一直被奧班政府扭曲和挪用,奧班政府甚至在修改後的新憲法內不再提及「共和國」的名稱)。盧卡奇還成為現時在朝與在野的兩股極右勢力的共同仇視對象,而這種仇視亦得到盲目反馬克思主義的更文雅一些的保守派、甚至自由派的支持。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">問:</span><span lang="EN-US">Kapital</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">雜誌這期的主題為「恐懼」,主要是探討對其作為一種政治宣傳的操作。檔案館文檔的遷移和雕像的拆除是否代表著匈牙利政治生活中一場更為複雜的危機呢?其意圖是否在對不支持匈牙利的國族主義趨向的人中間散播恐懼?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">塔馬什:這樣說過於溫和了。眾所周知,大多數的歐洲國家,你和我的祖國也不例外,歇斯底里的反移民、猖獗的種族主義以及強烈的反民主傾向,這些思想——正是在沒有堅實的馬克思主義左翼、且「資産階級民主主義」的最後殘餘消失的背景下——在某些國家甚至構成了過半數或是大多數人的想法。大多數人對「來自東方和南方的蒙昧群流(</span><span lang="EN-US">the savage hordes</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)」、和「優美靈魂」(</span><span lang="EN-US">the beautiful souls</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)(齊澤克在他最新一篇討論反移民、反歡迎文化(</span><span lang="EN-US">anti-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wilkommenskultur</i></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的文章中用了黑格爾在《精神現象學》裡的術語)而感到恐懼(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">校按:塔馬什用「優美靈魂」意指無力改變惡劣現實但仍抱持良知而發聲的公共知識分子;但齊澤克則以用它諷刺徒有原則而超然於現實政治的公共知識分子,這並不公允</i>)。這些「優美靈魂」——我作為其中的正式成員——在西方受到嘲弄,在東方則受到威脅和迫害。這種恐懼有其原因,而我也發現周圍越來越多的知識分子小心翼翼地保持沉默。</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">問:政府打算關停由美籍匈牙利人、金融家與慈善家索羅斯創建的一所著名大學(<i>譯者按:指中歐大學</i>),這件事是否也與此有關?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">塔馬什:是的,有一種間接關系。美國的「另類右翼」(</span><span lang="EN-US">alt-right</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)思想在這兒極受歡迎,這裡並且把(從主流自由派到革命社會主義者)任何的反種族主義和平等主義的思想都喚作「文化馬克思主義」(模仿了戈培爾(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">校按:納粹德國的宣傳部長</i>)所用的「文化布爾什維克主義」(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Kulturbolschewismus</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)一詞,其完全與第三帝國時期同一意思)</span><span lang="EN-US">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">也就是「優美靈魂」;且痛恨中歐大學開設女權主義的課程,奧班控制的媒體將它稱為「性別法西斯主義」(中歐大學設有性別研究系,而被右派視為醜事)。我本人在中歐大學作為社會學系的客座教授,正在教授一門有關階級和另一門批判理論的課程。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">問:在這種情境下,您認為公共知識分子可以做什麼?有沒有應對這一趨勢的積極方法?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">塔馬什:方法就是我們正在做的:講出來。正如你們在捷克、塞爾維亞、羅馬尼亞(那裡包括溫和的社會民主派,被稱為「紅色瘟疫」)、俄羅斯、土耳其等地所做的類似工作,在你們做了很多年後,我們才有了一份至少是溫和的、折衷的左翼網絡刊物,名爲《估量》(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Mérce</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)(前稱為《雙重標準》(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">The Double Standard</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)),它也是一個實時更新的新聞網站,我在其上有一個每週更新的專欄。他們會發表馬克思主義者的文章。這些都是類似的工作,但匈牙利左翼既弱小、又素有害怕從政治上組織與行動的名聲。所以當下能做的只有發表言論:去澄清、去批判、去抗議、去搞擾、去鼓動、去解釋</span><span lang="EN-US">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">總之就是讓言論傳播開來。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">【反對將盧卡奇檔案庫的手稿移走之</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.change.org/p/hungarian-academy-of-sciences-save-the-luk%C3%A1cs-archives-from-liquidation?recruiter=90708958&utm_source=share_petition&utm_medium=facebook&utm_campaign=psf_combo_share_initial.undefined.nafta_petition_show_share_buttons.control.nafta_psf_sequential.control&utm_term=autopublish"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">聯署</span></span></a></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">】</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">從</span><st1:chsdate day="15" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="1" w:st="on" year="2018"><span lang="EN-US">2018</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">15</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">開始的幾週內,保存在匈牙利盧卡奇檔案庫裡的手稿就要被撤下,而被轉移到匈牙利科學院圖書館與資訊中心(</span><span lang="EN-US">Library and Information Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的手稿與珍本部門。正如公眾所知,這是依照科學院圖書館與資訊中心總監所作的指示。因此,這些手稿從此以後將不能在盧卡奇檔案庫供作研究之用了。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我們這些聯署人</span><span lang="EN-US">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以前要麼曾有幸在盧卡奇檔案庫工作,要麼曾在自己的研究中支持和幫助過盧卡奇檔案庫;在我們將來的工作中,繼續用上保存在盧卡奇檔案庫裡的列印稿和手寫稿也是無可避免的</span><span lang="EN-US">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對匈牙利科學院圖書館違背了自己先前的承諾與保證,正在準備把這些手稿搬出盧卡奇檔案庫,感到震驚。此舉將會破壞盧卡奇檔案庫的獨立性</span><span lang="EN-US">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">而維持它的獨立性,對於匈牙利科學院而言亦具有重要意義</span><span lang="EN-US">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">並且會對研究造成不可估量的損失。所以,出於研究的利益,我們請求匈牙利科學院及其圖書館的負責人停止這一計畫。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">盧卡奇檔案庫對於維持匈牙利的批判性的、進步的思想,扮演著重要的角色。我們這些聯署人對匈牙利科學院的這些舉措,視為對匈牙利公民社會機構的不斷攻擊的一部分。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">相關文章:</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ma-petite-taverne.blogspot.fr/2017/03/gm.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">從末結束的盧卡奇爭論</span></span></a></span></div>
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驛站http://www.blogger.com/profile/11378808425722503912noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-361642193953372193.post-46958108644631925162017-11-05T14:32:00.000+01:002019-05-06T02:50:51.608+02:00訪談:馬克思主義與精神損害(Interview: Marxism and Mental Distress)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">【譯按】</span> <span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">伊恩‧弗格森(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Iain Ferguson</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)目前為英國西蘇格蘭大學(</span><span lang="FR-CA">University of the West of Scotland</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)社會工作與社會政策學榮譽教授,著作和合著有《反思福利:批判的視角》(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Rethinking
Welfare: A Critical Perspective, 2002</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)、《挽救社會工作:挑戰新自由主義與促進社會公義》(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Reclaiming Social Work: Challenging Neo-Liberalism and Promoting
Social Justice,2008</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(台灣已出版中譯本)</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、《激進社會工作實務》(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Radical social work in
practice,2009</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)以及</span></i><i><span lang="FR-CA">2017</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">年新作《心智的政治:馬克思主義與精神損害》(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Politics
of the Mind : Marxism and Mental Distress,2017</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">),還發表了不少相關領域的學術文章。</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">弗格森亦是英國激進左翼政黨「社會主義工人</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">黨」(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Socialist Workers Party</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)的資深成員。</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">文章</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">原載於《社會主義評論》(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Socialist Review</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR-CA">2017</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年十一月號</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">第</span></i> <i><span lang="FR-CA"><a href="http://socialistreview.org.uk/429/interview-marxism-and-mental-distress">429</a></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">期。</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">弗格森在訪談中著重提到的</span><span lang="FR-CA">R.D.</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萊恩(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Ronald David Laing</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="FR-CA">1927—1989</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),又譯作連恩,是蘇格蘭精神病</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">學家。他在</span><span lang="FR-CA">1960</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">年發表《分裂的自我:對健全與瘋狂的生存論研究》(</span><span lang="FR-CA"> The
Divided Self: An Existential Study in Sanity and Madness</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)一書(中國已出版中譯本),引起廣泛關注。他分析思覺失調症(</span><span lang="FR-CA">schizophrenia</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)而形成自己的學說,認為人對自己存在的不安全而促成防禦反應,在反應中自我分裂成幾個分離組分,引起一些精神病症狀。他反對當時通常對精神病症的療法,如住院、腦白質切除術(</span><span lang="FR-CA">lobotomy</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)、電痙攣療法(</span><span lang="FR-CA">electrical convulsive therapy</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)等。甚至反對精神疾病的概念,而把它看作是由家庭關係和社會引起的,認為要從根本上重新設想精神病醫生的作用。</span></i></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">作者伊恩‧弗格森(<i>譯按:以下回答部份簡稱弗</i>)在《社會主義評論》(</span><i><span lang="FR-CA">Socialist Review</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)談到他的新書《心智的政治:馬克思主義與精神損害》(</span><i><span lang="FR-CA">Politics of the Mind :
Marxism and Mental Distress</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">問:</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">抑鬱症(</span><span lang="FR-CA">depression</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)和</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">焦慮症(</span><span lang="FR-CA">anxiety</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)令人們感到</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">像</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是現時的流行病。兩者正受到更多的談論,而且亦經常被連繫到人們失去工作的問題來討論。為什麼</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">圍繞精神健康的議題近期會湧現出來?<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">弗:我認為唯一最重要的原因,是因為人們受到精神損害的水平全面的大幅上升,或許最明顯來自於人們受到失業、工作能力評估和無論如何要</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">回到工作而離開救濟的壓力所致。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">所以,不止是在英國,而且在其他國家例如希臘,我們看到抑鬱症和焦慮症的大大增加,還有自殺問題也是。其他的群體也受到影響,例如飽受高程度的焦慮和抑鬱的年輕人尤其是年輕女性的人數大幅上升——可能與社交媒體的競爭有部份關係。但在工作中的人們——窮人、低收入工人——患上焦慮症和抑鬱症亦同樣在增加,其中有些涉及負債、有些涉及工作不穩定。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">這是相當普遍的。我在本書提出,關聯的因素是在新自由主義社會中的生活壓力,不論是勞動強度的增加、</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">負債或</span>救濟停付的懲罰(benefit sanctions)<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">問:你為什麼現在寫這本書?<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">弗: 寫這本書的主要原因,是要挑戰一個醫療模式,它認為精神損害——無論是被標籤為抑鬱症、焦慮症、思覺失調症(</span><span lang="FR-CA">schizophrenia</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)或其他什麼的精神疾病——與人們生活中發生、社會中發生的事情無關。它的特定模式是將精神損害個人化。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">本書的起點是要挑戰這一點,並且提出目前的精神損害的水平,其增加是與資本主義對人們生活造成的壓力有莫大關係。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">另外兩個因素也很重要。一個是最近的辯論——尤其是在倫敦的「馬克思主義節」(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Marxism Festival</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)和《社會主義評論》(</span><i><span lang="FR-CA">Socialist Review</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)內頁——關於對精神健康和精神損害的理解的不同方式。這是對弗洛伊德、神經科學(</span><span lang="FR-CA">neroscience</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)等等的辯論。我嘗試處理其中一些問題。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">第二個令到精神健康在近年浮上檯面的因素,是「殘疾人士反對削減援助」(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Disabled People Against Cuts</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)組織的作用。目前危機的正面影響,是動員了大量的經常飽受精神損害或相類問題的人,起來挑</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">戰產生這類問題的種種因素。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">問:你所描述的醫療模式為什麼會成為宰制性的?它存在了多久?<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">弗:這是一個超過</span><span lang="FR-CA">150</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">宰制模式。首先是意識形態的緣故:它將精神損害的原因定限於個人的內在,這顯然是一個非常省事的解釋。這表明問題出在我們的大腦或我們的道德缺失。毫不奇怪,它製造污名,令到正飽受精神損害的人們覺得在某程度上他們失敗了,或被標籤為失敗者。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">其次,一個主要因素是這個想法:這裡有一種疾病,這裡便有一種治療用劑,藥丸或其他便可以解決。這並不奇怪,儘管有很多證據證明治療用劑沒有真正發揮作用,但製藥業仍是全球第二獲利最多的產業。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b>問:那麼人們在這種醫療模式、如果在資本主義之前,如何談論精神損<br /> 害?</b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">弗:宰制的模式是宗教解釋。精神損害被認為是上帝的懲罰或魔鬼的附身。但除了這個宗教模式的解釋外,還有一個與它並列的、具有唯物的解釋,它從人的身體內部尋找原因。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">例如,有關體液解釋(</span><span lang="FR-CA">humoral explanations</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)的一些學說,其認為精神受損乃人身體內部的液體失去平衡所致。這個模式一直到</span><span lang="FR-CA">19</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">世紀非常具有影響力。我在本書提到的電影</span><span lang="FR-CA">The Madness of King George</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(<i>譯按:港譯《神經大帝》,台譯《瘋狂喬治王》</i>),對此療法描述得很好。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但是,我在本書中</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">強調的是,尤其在大規模的社會變革時期,如從封建主義到資本主義或者法國大革命時期,我們可以看到更為進步的解釋湧現,它們從人們生活中的事件而造成的精神壓力來尋找原因。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">問:你如何概括以一個馬克思主義的方法來處理這個複雜的問題?<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">弗:馬克思主義的方法有三個元素。首先是一個唯物主義的解釋。我們生活在一個不是首先基於滿足人類需要(生理或情緒)而是由利潤積累的需要所驅動的社會。這意味著人類的需要,無論是情緒上、性方面還是其他,都被壓抑、扭曲或異化。這是真正理解精神健康的起點。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">第二個是歷史性的解釋,理解為何有關精神健康的特定觀念會宰制特定的年代以及人們自己的生活(在個人生平的細節上)。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">有人評論說,我們真正應該要問的問題,不是「你好嗎?(</span><span lang="FR-CA">How are you ?</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)」而是「你怎麼了?(</span><span lang="FR-CA">What happened to you ?</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)」換句話說,這是人們生活中的事件,尤其是(雖然不是純粹的)他們早年的生活,形成他們如何體驗這個世界。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">第三個是辯證的方法。這裡有兩個面向,在個人層面上,思覺失調症患者最常見的症狀之一便是對於幻聽的聲音作出反應,不管是害怕、或嘗試應付它們或其他什麼的方式。他們的反應方式往往被視為自身的症狀來看待。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所以,第一</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">點便是人們要主動尋求理解自身的情緒和感受,以及亦要嘗試處理它們。本書的一個主要論點:我們的集體精神健康是由階級鬥爭的程度形塑的。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">如果人們沒有作出集體抵抗,他們更會將一些感受到的痛苦和壓力內在化。有相當多的證據表明,人們對現行體制作出集體的抵抗和反擊,對他們的精神健康產生有益的作用。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">問:本書中有一句話,「從罷工糾察線到個人額頭上的煩惱紋」</span>(from picket lines to worry lines)。</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">弗:是的,這是一句極好的引述。從許多方面總結了我們現在所處的位置。我們可以做的最重大的事來改善我們的精神健康,就是集體地反擊。這與我書中所談到的整個異化問題有關,因為許多的精神損害是有關無力感的。當人們感到和理解他們自己是施動者、自己的力量時,對於他們的精神健康產生非常正面的作用。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">問:而且我估計這與人們去看精神科醫生是根本不同的方法。所以,即使他們沒有服用藥物,他們或會被送進國民醫療體系(<span lang="FR-CA">NHS</span>)接受治療,很大可能是接受「認知行為療法」(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Cognitive
Behavioural Therapy</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">),它是幫助你改變對事物的反應,很大程度上是在個人層面。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">弗:絕對是的,如果這個療法是有幫助,那就好,但認知行為療法基本上是改變你看待世界的方式,而不是改變世界。另一方面,新自由主義意識型態的一個特徵能夠把基本上進步的觀念吸納,並且把它們變成為自己的目的服務。所以,例如目前在精神健康範疇的復元(</span><span lang="FR-CA">recovery</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)概念具有非常大的影響力。它積極的一面是表明,人們不要一輩子都活在精神不健康之中;消極的一面是,它將這個要「好起來」的義務(</span><span lang="FR-CA">the onus</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)放在個人身上。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">問:在你的書中,你扼要複述那些對於宰制的醫療模式的主要挑戰,但也探討這些挑戰如何推進其發展。顯然,在精神分析領域的大名是弗洛伊德,你談到他方法上的革新和長處,也有對他的批評。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">弗:弗洛伊德本身不是一個革命者,但在他思想裡存在非常激進的元素,其認為社會對人的壓抑和扭曲,不止在性慾,還包括其他的基本需要,這產生了他稱之為神經官能症(</span><span lang="FR-CA">neurosis</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">精神分析的傳統,其大部份為一種非常保守的傳統,具有類似將精神損害個人化。但我在書中論證的一個事實是,在馬克思主義內部一直存在著一種察見弗洛伊德思想的激進內核的傾向。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">問:是不是當時的一些著名馬克思主義者也與弗洛伊德思想有所關涉?<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">弗:是的,尤其是在革命時期,如</span><span lang="FR-CA">1920</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代初的俄國。在研究寫作本書時,我發現而令我最著迷的事情之一是,在</span><span lang="FR-CA">1920</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代初的俄國,精神分析幾乎達到官方認可的程度。弗洛伊德的書籍是由蘇維埃政府的出版社發行的。他</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">得到了托洛茨基、拉狄克(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Karl Radek</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)、維果茨基(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Lev Vygotsky</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)等人的批判性支持。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在同一時期的德國,許多參與精神分</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">析的人,包括大量的女性精神分析學者,都被弗洛伊德思想所吸引,並視其具有激進的潛力。但隨著精神分析在</span><span lang="FR-CA">1930</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">、</span><span lang="FR-CA">1940</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">年代輸入美國而發生了改變,它遠遠地離開激進而成為官方的意識型態了。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">問:你談論的另一個偉大的時期是</span><span lang="FR-CA">1960</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">年代。再一次一個大規模的動盪和政治鬥爭的時期。與這個時期相關的人物為</span><span lang="FR-CA">R.D.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">萊恩(<span lang="FR-CA">Ronald
David Laing</span>)。他最近變得更受歡迎,今年有一部關於他的電影(<i>譯按:<span lang="FR-CA"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e6-i3Uo05C0">Mad To Be
Normal</a></span></i>)上映,由坦納特(<span lang="FR-CA">David Tennant</span>)飾演他。萊恩的貢獻是什麼?<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiasuT9obL3FuTA-qkT-kjBnRUvWC3UYebNEbRcFjzCzagBPgv15uKt5-ron8WADna6yr5I5rfKb9B9weiCmYYo7rBLpAg3NZX96z5gmcvy61RqwVjVrWWkte49Fjyx6VA8Mq_j2EhWYodR/s1600/RD_Laing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="298" data-original-width="530" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiasuT9obL3FuTA-qkT-kjBnRUvWC3UYebNEbRcFjzCzagBPgv15uKt5-ron8WADna6yr5I5rfKb9B9weiCmYYo7rBLpAg3NZX96z5gmcvy61RqwVjVrWWkte49Fjyx6VA8Mq_j2EhWYodR/s320/RD_Laing.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">R.D.萊恩(R.D.Laing)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; text-indent: -27pt;">弗:我認為萊恩是一個非常有趣、矛盾的人物。他最初的貢獻是挑戰當時正在使用的治療精神疾病更為野蠻的做法,例如腦白質切除術(</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="text-indent: -27pt;">lobotomy</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; text-indent: -27pt;">)(切開腦部)、廣泛使用的電痙攣療法(</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="text-indent: -27pt;">electrical convulsive
therapy</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; text-indent: -27pt;">)等等。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">我認為萊恩是被壓迫者的權利保衛者,因為他認為我們需要聆聽那些被標籤為諸如思覺失調症的人的心聲。他們的行為和反應不僅僅是生理的化學反應,而且是實際與他們的生活經歷有關。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">萊恩那時指責家庭和父母造成思覺失調症而受盡批評。我認為這有點不公平,但他在這個問題上有點模稜兩可。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">他是非常投入這個時期的新左派運動,和</span><span lang="FR-CA">1960</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">年代末在倫敦組織了一個大型的會議。遺憾的是,他在</span><span lang="FR-CA">1970</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">年代之後,在智識上的貢獻大大減弱了,個人酗酒問題越來越嚴重。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">但在</span><span lang="FR-CA">1960</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">年代,萊恩的中心思想認為精神損害有其含義,而我們發掘該含義的方式便是聆聽精神損害病患者的心聲,這一點很重要。現時大量的由實證研究提供的證據,證實了萊恩的觀點,顯示人們的生活經歷——包括他們受虐的經歷——與精神損害具有很強的關聯。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">問:在本書的最後部份,你談到過去幾年出現的有關精神健康的新運動,尤其涉及精神健康服務的使用者和像你一樣參與激進社會工作的從業人員和學者。過去的運動形塑了多少這些新運動?其方法有多少是新的?<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">弗:我們正處於一個非常有趣的時期,這些新運動的基礎的事實是,更多患有精神健康問題的人將不再住在醫院——他們很可能「在社區裡」得到不同程度的支援。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">人們現在「在社區裡」這個事實的一個原因是,因為它相比在精神病院更容易組織起來。我認為由於精神健康問題如此普遍,並且對其污名化作出挑戰,這意味著在今日更容易進行組織工作。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">毋庸置疑,緊縮政策令到精神健康運動激進化和擴大化,精神健康服務使用者現時在「殘疾人士反對削減援助」組織和其他類似組織的內部非常活躍。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">這些運動的特徵是全新的,但我認為有趣的是它們正在返回自身的歷史之中。一個積極的面向是現在稱為「失常研究」(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Mad Studies</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">),人們回顧了</span><span lang="FR-CA">1960</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">年代甚至更前的早期鬥爭的例子,他們正在找尋像萊恩這類人的想法,和查看他們的思想如何用於今天的脈絡。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">我認為或會有更多的辯論,有關身份政治的形式是否推進這個運動前進的最佳方式。在我看來,今日人們受到精神損害的普遍性經歷,意味著對於精神疾病的污名化的扭轉,所以有可能建立一個具廣泛基礎而強大的運動。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">過去一年來,全國(<i>譯按:英國</i>)各地紛紛展開了反對關閉社區精神健康服務的運動,服務使用者、工會工作者和不同的活躍分子非常緊密地合作。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">在「社會工作行動網絡」(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Social Work Action Network</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)和「心理學者反對緊縮」(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Psychologists
Against Austerity</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)等組織中,我們可見服務使用者、社會工作者、心理學者和其他人非常密切地合作,挑戰緊縮政策。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">問:最後,為什麼馬克思的異化概念指向一個更徹底的解決精神損害的<br /> 方式?<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">弗:我想我在這本書中所指出的中心點是,精神損害的根源不在於這個或那個的特定政策或特定意識型態,而是根源於一個——資本主義——社會,它剝奪我們對生活的任何掌控,它拒絕我們要有創造性、形塑事物的最基本需要。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">所以,無論從哪方面來看,不管是勞動強度的增加、學童面對的競爭加劇、老年人在日益原子化社會中的孤獨,所有這些不同方面回到了一個相同問題——我們生活在一個以利潤積累需要而不是由人們的社會和情感需要所推動的社會。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">那麼,我們真正解決精神健康危機的唯一途徑,就是創造一個圍繞滿足人類需要而不是圍繞利潤積累的社會。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">伊恩‧弗格森(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Iain Ferguson</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">《心智的政治:馬克思主義與精神損害》(</span><span lang="FR-CA"><a href="http://www.bookmarksbookshop.co.uk/view/45353/Politics+Of+The+Mind%253A+Marxism+and+Mental+Distress">Politics of the Mind:Marxism and Mental Distress</a></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">),由書籤出版社(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Bookmarks</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)出版。</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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驛站http://www.blogger.com/profile/11378808425722503912noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-361642193953372193.post-11878348546824241002017-10-21T04:17:00.000+02:002017-11-07T23:40:12.478+01:00列寧如何確立十月革命的路線——《四月提綱》的意義<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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亞倫‧吉布森(Alan Gibson) 謝凱健 譯 宋治德 校</div>
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<i>校按:文章原載於《社會主義評論》(Socialist Review)2017年四月號第<a href="http://socialistreview.org.uk/423/how-lenin-set-course-october">423</a>期。副標題為校閱所加。</i><br />
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<b style="text-align: start;">弗拉基米爾‧列寧(Vladimir Lenin),在俄國二月革命推翻沙皇的五星期後,於1917年4月回到俄羅斯。亞倫‧吉布森(Alan Gibson)舉出了列寧在革命後的路線爭論過程中起了關鍵作用,而他的《四月提綱》(<i>April Theses</i>)可以作為在創新性和領導權方面的借鑒對象。</b><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzGcfwsieIU-IqG2rlzlnFBdzzlUhkxhDbcICRCGQV2tt2agBteEJH1P4RZAOSz8YKFOnv8UBStoFxCzrUpprf_LTanVzm_xj08ks8yeDxQIOjmv-dAHyWyQvltExOmHDU0R2pINSnwlS3/s1600/lenin-getting-off-the-train.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="398" data-original-width="530" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzGcfwsieIU-IqG2rlzlnFBdzzlUhkxhDbcICRCGQV2tt2agBteEJH1P4RZAOSz8YKFOnv8UBStoFxCzrUpprf_LTanVzm_xj08ks8yeDxQIOjmv-dAHyWyQvltExOmHDU0R2pINSnwlS3/s320/lenin-getting-off-the-train.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">1917年4月3日,列寧乘坐的火車抵達彼得格勒的芬蘭車站。</td></tr>
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《真理報》(<i>Pravda</i>)刊載了列寧在1917年4月抵達彼得格勒的芬蘭車站後發表的演講——《四月提綱》。波格丹諾夫(Alexander Bogdanov)為此形容列寧「是一個語無倫次的瘋子」。<br />
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波格丹諾夫是列寧所屬的布爾什維克黨前黨員,認為列寧「語無倫次」而感到震驚的並非只有他一人。在彼得格勒,或是全國各地的城鎮,許多領導都對列寧所提出的分析和綱領感到不安和困惑。其中一位領導憶述指「列寧的提綱給人的印象是爆炸性的」。<br />
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想要知道列寧說什麼,需要先知道當時列寧要處理的是什麼問題。在二月革命推翻統治俄羅斯長達三個世紀的羅曼諾夫皇朝的五星期後,布爾什維克的領導層抵達彼得格勒,社會動盪幾乎同時出現了兩股政治力量,一股是代表資產階級的政客和有產者組成的臨時政府;另一股是在起義的五天期間、由叛變軍營和全市工作車間的選舉而產生的工兵代表所組成的蘇維埃。<br />
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對於被稱為二元權力時期的兩股政治力量,它們都遇到兩難局面。一方面,沒有蘇維埃的同意,臨時政府的所有舉動都是徒勞無功;另一方面,蘇維埃的領導人認為就算他們擁有壓倒性的力量,但像歷史的律則一樣,應該要由臨時政府作主。<br />
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這是因為大部份的布爾什維克黨人都認為,二月革命實現了自失敗的1905年革命以來所追求的目標——一個以無產階級和農民的民主專政領導的資產階級民主革命。這個目標是基於一種觀念,認為俄國的資產階級力量太薄弱、太膽小,不敢以自己的名義進行革命——他們在1917年二月革命的沒有作為或缺席已經証明,布爾什維克黨人認為俄羅斯仍必需經歷資本主義的歷史階段,從而為工人階級的社會主義革命創造條件。<br />
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驅使這些蘇維埃領導人移交權力給臨時政府的決定不僅是基於他們對二月革命的分析。起初,大部份蘇維埃的代表是來自小資產階級,這階層的人口傾向選出具自由主義色彩的政治人物。而蘇維埃正在發揮作用。之後,蘇維埃的《一號命令》(<i>Order No.1</i>)文件——托洛茨基形容為二月革命中唯一一份有價值的文件——容許起義士兵自行選舉代表並接管武裝,毋須向臨時政府繳械。《一號命令》亦同時廢除士兵在非值勤時間的軍禮儀式。(<i>校按:《一號命令》亦要求起義士兵返回所屬軍營和接受臨時政府的指揮。</i>)<br />
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這些領導人希望臨時政府能夠繼續掌權以保衛二月革命的勝利,其不止反對舊沙皇時代的反動勢力,還有抵抗德軍的入侵。這意味著俄國需要與法國、英國和美國繼續保持戰爭盟友的關係。<br />
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但這亦意味著需要繼續將數十萬名農民士兵送往前線的殺戮戰場,繼續造成全國的城市和鄉鎮出現糧食短缺及商人囤積居奇。對布爾什維克來說,這是完全背離他們自1914年戰爭爆發以來一直堅守的原則——要令沙俄帝國戰敗,將帝國主義的戰爭變為階級戰爭。然而,對大部份人來說,二月革命已經令這個原則改變了。在列寧抵達的前幾天,一位參與布爾什維克大會的代表表示:「只要和平尚未到來,我們都必須全力作戰,保衛我們在萌芽中的自由。」<br />
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正是在這種對於作出什麼決定的思想混亂情況之中,列寧搭乘的火車於4月3日抵達芬蘭車站,列寧從車廂階梯徐徐而下,受到在場數以千計士兵與工人、及不同的蘇維埃和臨時政府的政要歡迎。孟什維克、當時的彼得格勒蘇維埃執行委員會主席齊赫澤(Nikolai Chkheidze)更為他送上巨大花束以示歡迎。<br />
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齊赫澤說:「我們認為,現時民主革命的首要任務是要保衛革命,免受一切來自國內外的侵犯。我們希望你會加入我們一起達致這個目標。」一名年輕的海軍將領然後表達他希望列寧成為臨時政府的一員。<br />
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根據當時一位目擊者,彼得格勒蘇維埃領導成員蘇漢諾夫(Nikolai Sukhanov)所言,「列寧站在那裡,看來好像對這種歡迎和邀請一點也不在乎。……列寧拒絕了邀請並說:『親愛的同志們、士兵們及工人們,我很高興可以在俄國革命勝利中與大家見面,歡迎大家成為無產階級先鋒隊的一分子。不用多久,人們將會把武器轉向與剝削他們的資本家對抗。因為有你們,俄國革命將會進入一個新紀元,世界社會主義革命萬歲。』」<br />
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列寧其後在歡呼的人潮中被簇擁著離開,前往城中其中一個空置宅第,此處亦成為之後該市的布爾什維克臨時總部。據托洛茨基指,列寧緊接著的多場演講,「即使從放手大膽地鼓動聽眾的巨大熱情而言,有時聽起來就像是在斥責。……列寧這些演講就算對他身邊的親密戰友來說,基本印象是非常嚇人的。」(<i>校按:來自托洛茨基《俄國革命史》第一卷第15章</i>)<br />
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第二天,列寧向布爾什維克大會簡述了他的《四月提綱》——托洛茨基其後稱為革命最重要的文件之一。文件中,列寧指出:<br />
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1. 對於支持繼續進行帝國主義戰爭的主張,不應有任何讓步;<br />
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2. 當國家「從革命的第一階段到第二階段……權力必須被掌握在無產階級和最貧窮農民的手中」;<br />
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3. 不應支持臨時政府——「應該清楚表明它所作的承諾是虛假的」;<br />
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4. 必須讓群眾認識到,工人代表的蘇維埃才是革命政府的唯一可能形式。<br />
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列寧繼續呼籲廢除警察、軍隊及官僚機構,以及所有民選官員的薪資不超過一般工人的工資,而且這些官員都可以被撤換的。他更呼籲沒收所有土地莊園,並交由當地的農民代表的蘇維埃管理。所有銀行機構必須國有化並由蘇維埃接管,以及由蘇維埃控制社會生產和產品分配。<br />
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列寧的想法並非突如其來。列寧從二月事件以來,當時他在蘇黎世流亡,亦一直有寫信闡述他對二月革命的看法,特別是二月革命如何徹底推翻他自己此前的觀點。<br />
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他的五封《遠方來信》(<i>校按:列寧在瑞士流亡期間為《真理報》寫的一組文章</i>),指責蘇維埃領導人呼籲工人支持臨時政府是背叛工人的行為。他提到需要「打碎」舊有國家機器,「以一個將警察、軍隊與官僚機構合併起來以武裝全體人民的全新組織」,用以保衛革命,向著「麵包、和平與自由」的目標進發。<br />
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但列寧的忠告並未得到注意,其《四月提綱》對蘇維埃全體代表的即時影響,更多的是製造了混亂、甚至是敵意的局面。曾擔任《真理報》編輯而剛從二月事件被釋放的加米涅夫(Lev Kamenev)和斯大林,對《四月提綱》更不贊成,加米涅夫批評《四月提綱》欠缺「具體指示」,同時堅稱二月革命是「資產階級式革命,而非社會革命」。<br />
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有很多蘇維埃代表都同意列寧沒有考量現實狀況,是因為他之前的流亡而與俄國社會缺乏實際接觸所致。但接下來的日子,列寧再提出一個尖銳的觀點:「基於我們仍然是少數,我們需要對工作提出批評和揭露錯誤,同時需要宣揚將國家權力轉移至工人代表的蘇維埃的必要性,讓人民可以通過實踐來克服錯誤。」<br />
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這個《四月提綱》,在整個彼得格勒布爾什維克的不同會議、和布爾什維克黨內各個派別代表的各種形式的會議上,都產生了討論和辯論。列寧發表對大多數同志的震撼性言論的三週後,他終於在全俄第七次代表大會上贏得了大多數蘇維埃代表的支持。<br />
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臨時政府決心要「取得世界戰爭決定性的勝利」並與盟國一起研究瓜分贓物,導致爆發群眾大規模的反臨時政府的遊行和示威活動,這使到列寧主張的勝利變得更容易了。戰艦與軍營爆發了憤怒的兵變,幾天之內,大規劃的示威包圍了臨時政府會議場地馬林斯基宮(Marinsky Palace)。這些事件顯示,廣大的工人及士兵由由支持臨時政府到唾棄他們,並迅速轉向革命行動以結束危機。<br />
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列寧的主張獲勝的意義非常重大。布爾什維克此前二十年來一直是重要的左翼黨派,儘管是非法組織及面對不斷的被拘捕和拘留的打擊,布爾什維克在工人階級的鬥爭中已建立起大批熱心的追隨者。當在走向十月革命道路上遇到一個又一個的危機時,他們能夠產生重要影響。<br />
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列寧在俄國革命的關鍵時刻抵達彼得格勒,他對「重新武裝」布爾什維克的決心,以及與同志們不斷的辯論,使布爾什維克不僅在政治上獲得越來越多的支持,而且更為即將來臨的十月革命堅定了信心。<br />
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驛站http://www.blogger.com/profile/11378808425722503912noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-361642193953372193.post-47530579160631847262017-10-06T19:39:00.000+02:002017-10-28T00:45:20.200+02:00《雅各賓》雜誌紀念俄國革命一百週年系列:葛蘭西與俄國革命<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; text-align: right;">比安奇(</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="text-align: right;">Alvaro Bianchi</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; text-align: right;">)穆西(</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="text-align: right;">Daniela Mussi</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; text-align: right;">)</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="text-align: right;"> </span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; text-align: right;">宋治德</span><span style="text-align: right;"> </span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; text-align: right;">譯</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">譯按:美國左翼</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">雜誌《雅各賓》(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Jacobin</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)為紀念俄國革命一百週年的專案而推出一系列相關討論文章,並與</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「中文馬克思主義文庫」合作將它們</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">翻譯為中文版本,而</span><span lang="FR-CA"><a href="https://www.jacobinmag.com/2017/04/gramsci-russian-revolution-lenin-trotsky-soviets"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">本<span lang="EN-US">文</span></span></span></a></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">為該</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">系列</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的文章之一。這裡需要</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">說明一下,本文雖然在中國國內已有中譯版本,可惜錯譯之處不少,因此,「中文馬克思主義文庫」認為需要重譯和委託本人負責此事</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">作者阿爾瓦羅‧比安奇(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Alvaro Bianchi</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)為巴西聖保羅州坎皮納斯州立大學(</span><span lang="FR-CA">State University of Campinas</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的政治學教授,丹妮拉‧穆西(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Daniela
Mussi</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)為巴西聖保羅大學(</span><span lang="FR-CA">University of São Paulo</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的博士後研究員。</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">一直以來,西方的一些學者(當中包括有自稱左翼的)會將葛蘭西的理論(尤其是霸權理論)與俄國的布爾什維克革命,兩者對立起來,甚至硬說葛蘭西在獄中的思考最後是放棄了布爾什維克的革命模式。本文主要對這種說法提出駁斥,指出在葛蘭西的寫作裡,俄國革命或列寧的布爾什維克的革命,一直是他思考工人階級的自身解放和邁向社會主義革命的參照,這點直到他去世從沒改變。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">另外,本文作者引述葛</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">蘭西文章的一些引文,與原英譯版本有所出入,譯者參考了英譯版本而相應作出修繕。</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih-BHMXecxY29_dRdJbk-FzBpNQEkAOx5pK4u8bR3_nci_osQo6OLd25XpE47D3_nMvEdNDUFdAgWk1cNfNvsMBQEDkLRY9W0RO2tfV2sreAsTG0lC2_S5Ne3f3jYHI9YjOVvnB7ZItXET/s1600/Gramsci+and+Russian+Revolution.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="659" data-original-width="960" height="219" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih-BHMXecxY29_dRdJbk-FzBpNQEkAOx5pK4u8bR3_nci_osQo6OLd25XpE47D3_nMvEdNDUFdAgWk1cNfNvsMBQEDkLRY9W0RO2tfV2sreAsTG0lC2_S5Ne3f3jYHI9YjOVvnB7ZItXET/s320/Gramsci+and+Russian+Revolution.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="FR-CA">80</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年前,</span><st1:chsdate day="27" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="4" w:st="on" year="1937"><span lang="FR-CA">1937</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="FR-CA">4</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="FR-CA">27</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,安東尼奧‧葛蘭西在法西斯政權的監獄裡度過了他生命最後十年之後,撒手人寰。葛蘭西</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在《獄中札記》的理論工作聞名於世,但他對政治所產生的作用,早在一戰期間當他還是一個年經的都靈大學語言學的學生時,便已經開始了。甚至那時,他在社會主義刊物所發表的文章,其不僅對戰爭、還包括對意大利的自由派、民族主義者和天主教文化提出了質疑。</span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CA">1917</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年初,葛蘭西在都靈當地的一份社會主義報紙《人民呼聲報》(</span><i><span lang="FR-CA">Il Grido del Popolo</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)從事記者的工作,並且參與皮埃蒙特版(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Piedmont edition</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的《前進報》(</span><i><span lang="FR-CA">Avanti!</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的協作。在俄國二月革命後的最初幾個月,意大利仍然缺少這方面的消息,它們大部份局限於來自倫敦和巴黎的通訊社的文章翻炒。在《前進報》通常以筆名「小輩」(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Junior</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)發表的一些俄國的報導,是來自一位俄國社會革命黨的流亡者蘇卓安林(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Vasilij Vasilevich Suchomlin</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">為了向意大利的社會黨人提供可靠的訊息,意大利社會黨的領導向身處海牙的代表莫爾加里(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Oddino Morgari</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)發了一封電報,要求他前去彼得格勒與革命者取得聯繫。但莫爾加里這次旅程中</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">斷了</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,於</span><span lang="FR-CA">7</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月回到意大利。</span><span lang="FR-CA">4</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="FR-CA">20</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日,《前進報》發表了一份由葛蘭西撰寫的有關國會議員試圖前往彼得格勒之行的</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">記錄報導,稱呼莫爾加里為「紅色大使」,他對俄國事態發展的熱情是顯而見的。葛蘭西在這一點上,認為正在面對戰爭的意大利工人階級的潛力,與俄國無產階級的實力具有直接關連。他認為在俄國爆發的革命,會根本扭轉一切的國際關係。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">世界大</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">戰正處於最激烈的時刻,軍事動員深深地影響了意大利人民。葛蘭西的朋友塔斯卡(</span><span lang="EN-GB">Angelo Tasca</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)、泰拉奇尼(</span><span lang="EN-GB">Umberto Terracini</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)和陶里阿</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">蒂</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-GB">Palmiro Togliatti</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)被徵召入伍往前線,葛蘭西因身體狀況不佳而得以免役。新聞事業成為了他的「前線」。在刊載於</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">意大利</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《晚郵報》(</span><i><span lang="FR-CA">Corriere Della Sera</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)關於莫爾加里的</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">文章中,葛蘭西贊賞地引用一份俄國社會革命黨人的聲明,其呼籲歐洲所有政府對於德國的攻勢只採取防禦的策略,放棄對德國的進攻。這是在</span><span lang="EN-GB">4</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月份的全俄蘇維埃代表大會上,以大多數通過的「革命護國主義」(</span><span lang="EN-GB">revolutionary defensism</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的立場。數日</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">後的《前進報》,刊出了由「小輩」翻譯了這次大會的決議。</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但是,隨著新的消息傳來,葛蘭西對於俄國正在發生的事情開始發展他自己的詮釋。</span><span lang="EN-GB">1917</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-GB">4</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月下旬,他在《人民呼聲報》發表了一篇名為《記俄國革命》(</span><i><span lang="FR-CA">Note sulla rivoluzione
russa</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的文章,與當時大多數社會黨人將俄國事件分析為一個新的法國大革命相反,葛蘭西稱它為一個會引向社會主義的「無產階級的行動」。</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對於葛蘭西,俄國革命與被視為僅僅是「資產階級革命」的雅各賓模式,</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">截然不同</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。在詮釋彼得格勒事件,葛蘭西揭示了一個屬於未來的政治綱領。為了繼續推進運動而邁向一個工人的革命,俄國的社會主義者應該明確地與雅各賓模式</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">系統地使用暴力和文化活動的薄弱——作出決裂。</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在</span><span lang="EN-GB">1917</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年俄國二月革命後接下來的幾個月裡,葛蘭西很快站到了布爾什維克的一邊,這個立場同樣表達在他認同意大利社會黨內更為激進和反戰的一些派系。在</span><st1:chsdate day="28" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="7" w:st="on" year="2017"><span lang="EN-GB">7</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-GB">28</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《俄國的最高綱領派》(</span><i><span lang="FR-CA">I massimalisti russi</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的文章中,葛蘭西表示全力支持列寧和他稱之為的「最高綱領主義」政治。據他意見,最高綱領派代表「革命的延續,革命的節奏,因此是革命的自身」。他們對過去沒有任何包袱而體現了「竭盡全力實現社會主義的理想」。</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">葛蘭西堅持革命不能被中斷,和應該戰勝資產階級的世界。對於這個《人民呼聲報》的記者來說,所有革命面對的最大危險</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">尤其在俄國</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">就是認為這個</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">發展的</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">過程已經到達終點。最高綱領派是反對革命中斷的力量,因此他們與這個「革命進程成為最終的邏輯聯繫」。在葛蘭西的推論中,整個革命進程</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">相互</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">扣連,並在運動中</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">由最堅強和最具決心的人們推動最軟弱和最猶豫的人們——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">被推動向前。</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<st1:chsdate day="5" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="8" w:st="on" year="2017"><span lang="EN-GB">8</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-GB">5</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,一個俄國蘇維埃的代表團</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">其中包括格倫貝格(</span><span lang="EN-GB">Josif Goldemberg</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)和斯米爾諾夫(</span><span lang="EN-GB">Aleksandr
Smirnov</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">抵達都靈。這次行程獲得意大利政府的允許,因為他們希望俄國新政府會參與反對德國的戰爭。意大利社會主義者與俄國代表會面後,</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">對於</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在俄國蘇維埃之中仍然盛行的想法表示困惑,</span><st1:chsdate day="11" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="8" w:st="on" year="2017"><span lang="EN-GB">8</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-GB">11</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《人民呼聲報》</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的編輯質疑道:</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">當我們聽到俄國蘇維埃代表團說到為了革命的名義而要繼續戰爭時,我們急切地問,這不啻意味著接受或甚至希望繼續戰爭以保障俄羅斯資本家至高無上的利益來反對無產階級的挺進嗎?</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">儘管如此,蘇維埃代表團的訪問是一個借助宣傳俄國革命而在意大利也進行革命鼓動的機會,意大利社會主義者抓住了這個時機。代表團到過羅馬、佛羅倫薩、博洛尼亞和米蘭後,回到了都靈。</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">自從大戰爆發以來,這城市首次有公開遊行,有</span><span lang="FR">4</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬多群眾參與</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歡迎俄國革命的誕生</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,他們齊集在</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「人民之家」</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR">Casa
del Popolo</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">譯按:當時意大利社會黨的總部</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)所在地。在「人民之家」大樓的陽台上,當時意大利社會黨內最高綱領一派的領導人塞拉蒂(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Giacinto Menotti Serrati</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),是對這場戰爭的堅定反對者,他翻譯了格倫貝格的講話。當代表團發言時,塞拉蒂一邊便說俄羅斯人希望立即終止戰爭,最後高喊「意大利革命萬歲!」來總結他的</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">「翻譯」</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,群眾隨即喊起「俄國革命萬歲!列寧萬歲!」作為回應。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">葛蘭西在《人民呼聲報》,熱情地報導了這個歡迎俄國革命代表團的集會。他</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">認為這場集會是一個「無產階級和社會主義力量與革命俄國團結一起的真實的壯麗場面」。數日之後,這個場面再次出現在都靈的街頭。</span></div>
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<st1:chsdate day="22" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="8" w:st="on" year="2017"><span lang="FR-CA">8</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="FR-CA">22</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">早上,由於戰爭引起的長期糧食供應的危機,都靈已沒有更多的麵包供應。在這個城市的工廠,工人們開始停工。下午</span><span lang="FR-CA">5</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">點,幾乎所有的工廠都停工了,群眾開始在市內遊行,搶奪麵包店和大型零售商店。這場沒有任何人號召的自發起義,席捲整個城市。即使麵包供應恢復亦沒法停止這場運動,它很快具有政治性質(<i>譯按:反戰的性質</i>)。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">翌日下午,城市的控制權已被轉至軍隊手上,軍隊接管了都靈市中心。搶奪和在市郊築起街壘繼續發生。在社會黨的據點波哥聖保羅(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Borgo San Paolo</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)地區,示威者掠奪和放火燒燬聖柏納迪諾(</span><span lang="FR-CA">San Bernardino</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)教堂(<i>譯按:因為教堂的神甫一般囤積不少糧食</i>)。警察向人群開槍。</span><st1:chsdate day="24" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="8" w:st="on" year="2017"><span lang="FR-CA">8</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="FR-CA">24</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">衝突加劇。早上,示威者嘗試進入市中心但不成功。數小時後,他們面對軍隊的機關槍和裝甲車的開火。最後,一連串的破壞造成</span><span lang="FR-CA">24</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">人死亡和超過</span><span lang="FR-CA">1500</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">人被投進監獄。罷工在翌日早上繼續,但街壘已被清除。</span><span lang="FR-CA">20</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">多名社會黨領導被拘捕。自發性的起義結束。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《人民呼聲報》在這段日子沒有發行。</span><st1:chsdate day="1" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="9" w:st="on" year="2017"><span lang="FR-CA">9</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="FR-CA">1</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,報章在葛蘭西的領導下恢復運</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">作</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,他代替了被捕的社會主義者領導</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">朱迪斯(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Maria Giudice</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。國家新聞審查不容許任何提及起義的報導。葛蘭西借此機會簡要提及列寧:「克倫斯基代表在歷史上的注定失敗,但列寧確實是代表社會主義的生成,我們全心全意地與他一起。」這是意有所指俄國</span><span lang="FR-CA">7</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月份發生的事件,布爾什維克黨人被政治迫害,列寧被迫到芬蘭避難。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">數日之後,</span><st1:chsdate day="15" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="9" w:st="on" year="2017"><span lang="FR-CA">9</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="FR-CA">15</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,當科爾尼洛夫(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Lavr Kornilov</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)將軍率領部隊前往彼得格勒鎮壓革命以恢復秩序時,葛蘭西再次提到「革命是憑著良心行事」。</span><st1:chsdate day="29" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="9" w:st="on" year="2017"><span lang="FR-CA">9</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="FR-CA">29</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,列寧再被視為「</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">良心的鼓動者,沈睡靈魂的警醒之鐘」。在意大利收到有關俄國的訊息仍然不可靠,且經過在《前進報》「小輩」翻譯的過濾(<i>譯按:選取對克倫斯基臨時政府有利的報導</i>)。雖然如此,葛蘭西還是認為社會革命黨的切爾諾夫(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Viktor Chernov</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)(<i>譯按:俄國社會革命黨的理論家,克倫斯基臨時政府的農業部長,最後墮落成為反布爾什維克分子,葛蘭西當時對他存有幻想</i>)是「一個有具體行動綱領的人,其綱領是一個完全社會主義的、不承認階級合作的綱領,因為它顛覆了資產階級私有財產的原則而不為資產階級所接受,它最終是社會革命的開始。」</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同時,意大利的政治危機持續。</span><st1:chsdate day="12" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="11" w:st="on" year="2017"><span lang="FR-CA">11</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="FR-CA">12</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,意大利軍隊在卡波雷托之役(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Battle of Caporetto</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)被擊敗後(<i>譯按:意大利軍隊被德奧聯軍打敗</i>),由圖拉蒂(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Filippo Turati</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)和特雷維斯(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Claudio Treves</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)所領導的社會黨議會內的派系,採取了公開的民族主義立場而主張保衛「國家」,遠離此前所持的「中立主義」立場。圖拉蒂和特雷維斯在《社會批判報》(</span><i><span lang="FR-CA">Critica Sociale</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)(<i>譯按:意大利親社會黨的報紙</i>)發表文章,認為無產階級在國家處於危險的時候必須作出保衛。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">另一方面,在社會黨內不妥協的革命派,面對新的形勢亦自我組織起來。在</span><span lang="FR-CA">11</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月,該派領導人在佛羅倫薩召開了一次秘密會議,討論「我們黨的未來方向」。葛蘭西</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在都靈的黨支部開始發揮了重要的角色,他作為代表參與了會議。在會議中,他與波爾迪加(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Amadeo Bordiga</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)立場一致,認為需要採取更為進擊的行動,而塞拉蒂和其他人則維持既有的中立主義策略。會議結束時,重申了革命國際主義和反對戰爭的原則,但對於該怎麼辦沒有作出任何實際指導。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">葛蘭西將</span><span lang="FR-CA">8</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月都靈的事件放在俄國革命的脈絡下作出詮釋,他在會議結束後返回都靈,相信這個時刻是要採取行動了。他受到這種樂觀情緒和在俄國的布爾什維克奪得權力的鼓舞,在</span><span lang="FR-CA">12</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">寫了《反對〈資本論〉的革命》(</span><i><span lang="FR-CA">La rivoluzione contro ‘Il Capitale’</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的文章,他在其中宣告:「布爾什維克革命無疑是俄國人民的總的革命的延續。」</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">為了防止革命停滯不前,列寧的一派上台後建立起「他們的專政」,以闡述「革命最終須符合社會主義的形式,以便和諧地繼續發展」。在</span><span lang="FR-CA">1917</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,葛蘭西對俄國革命者之間的所有政治分歧欠缺一個清晰的分析。此外,他的社會主義革命的思想核心是個一般的假設:一個連續的運動,「沒有暴力的衝突」。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">布爾什維克的</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">革命以其深刻的和難以抗拒的文化力量,「包含意識形態的意義多於事件的意義」。據此原因,革命不能被解讀為就「在馬克思的文本中」。葛蘭西繼續說,在俄國的情況,《資本論》是「資產階級而不是工人階級的書」。葛蘭西這個說法從《資本論》</span>1867<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年第一版序言作出引申,馬克思認為在資本主義發展更大的國家,顯示出不發達的國家不能跳過「自然階段」的發展。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">孟什維克正是在這個文本的基礎上,構述了對俄國社會發展的解讀,斷定需要一個資產階級的形成,和在社會主義成為可能之前構築一個充分發展的工業社會。但根據葛蘭西,在列寧領導下的革命者,嚴格來說「不是馬克思主義者」,他們沒有拒絕馬克思的「內在思想」,但他們「放棄《資本論》的某些說法」,拒絕視它為「一個外在的充滿教條和不容爭議的說法的學說」。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">根據葛蘭西,馬克思在《資本論》裡所揭示的對資本主義發展的預測會是正確的</span><span lang="FR-CA">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">即在正常發展的情況下,通過「漫長的一系列階級經驗」而形成了「人民的集體意志」。但是,戰爭以難以預計的方式加速了這種時間性,俄國工人在三年內經歷了這種激烈的衝擊,「饑荒迫在眉睫、饑餓和由饑餓造成的死亡可能降臨每一個人身上。可以一舉毀滅數千萬人。人民的意志開始的一致是機械的,但在第一次革命以後,便主動地和自覺地一致起來」。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這個人民的集</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">體意志要由社會主義宣傳推動的。在一個特殊情況下,容許俄國工人在一瞬之間活在無產階級的全部歷史之中。工人認識到先輩們的努力,從「奴役的枷鎖」之中解放自己,迅速發展出「新意識」,成為「見證未來世界的現在」。此外,這種意識是在國際資本主義如英國等國家充分發展之基礎上而來的,但俄國無產階級可以迅速達到一個集體主義必要條件的經濟成熟水平。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在</span><span lang="FR-CA">1917</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,儘管對於布爾什維克思想的了解仍然甚差,但《人民呼聲報》的年輕編輯自然地傾向接近托洛茨基的不斷革命論的範式。葛蘭西看到列寧和布爾什維克黨人體現了一個恢復不間斷革命的綱領。一個他同樣想在意大利實現的革命。</span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CA">20</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年後,葛蘭西作為一名囚徒死於意大利的法西斯主義之手。這樣粗略地回顧葛蘭西的一生,他的悲劇命運或會引致我們認為這會令他質疑基於十月革命而看到的巨大希望;或甚至在他的《獄中札記》中會有找尋運用一種反對資本主義的更溫和或改變鬥爭形式的「新方式」。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">葛</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">蘭西從</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">沒有放棄俄國革命的理想。他在監獄所寫的著作中,提出了強制力量和共識並不是各自獨立分離的,而國家被構想為是各種強制力量交織的過程的歷史結果,這種過程很少為受宰制的群體創造條</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">件。他寫道需要在生活各個層面進行鬥爭,以及會遇到與霸權妥協和墮入政治「演化論」(<i>譯按:即改良主義</i>)的風險。他強調知識分子(幾乎總是有害的)對普羅民眾生活中的作用,和提出了作為一個整全世界觀的馬克思主義的重要性</span><span lang="FR-CA">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一種實踐的哲學。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">葛蘭西在被囚歲月直到</span><span lang="FR-CA">1937</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="FR-CA">4</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月逝世,他從未表示會放棄將俄國革命作為工人階級解放自身的綱領性和歷史性的參照,而他對俄國革命的理想常存於心,至死不渝。</span></div>
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驛站http://www.blogger.com/profile/11378808425722503912noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-361642193953372193.post-30406312326127886542017-09-22T02:39:00.002+02:002017-10-10T01:32:46.815+02:00馬克思的傑作一如既往具有現實意義<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">柯林尼可斯(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Alex Callinicos</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span> <span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">宋治德</span> <span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">譯</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">譯按:出處為英國社會主義工人黨(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Socialist Workers
Party</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)報章《社會主義工人》(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Socialist Workers</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)網頁,於</span><st1:chsdate day="19" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="9" w:st="on" year="2017"><span lang="FR-CA">2017</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="FR-CA">9</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="FR-CA">19</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">上載之</span><span lang="FR-CA"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://socialistworker.co.uk/art/45326/Marxs+masterwork+is+as+relevant+as+ever">文章</a>。</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6-4mopiKmL1iJOdgxCN5z84ReX554kw1pX4_V4wDbZWLVAomxHGw4yHKYyzdhyphenhyphen5rmGllT1Xelt8LCaeqy9klueMwZCErgQAtNABX-F_wk57lVbn2kNz40vqv6_7Q3z2-Gjv4XMO1nMzsK/s1600/pic_marx.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6-4mopiKmL1iJOdgxCN5z84ReX554kw1pX4_V4wDbZWLVAomxHGw4yHKYyzdhyphenhyphen5rmGllT1Xelt8LCaeqy9klueMwZCErgQAtNABX-F_wk57lVbn2kNz40vqv6_7Q3z2-Gjv4XMO1nMzsK/s320/pic_marx.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<st1:chsdate day="14" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="9" w:st="on" year="1867"><span lang="FR-CA">1867</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="FR-CA">9</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="FR-CA">14</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,馬克思的《資本論》第一卷在德國漢堡出版。馬克思在親自向出版商交付手</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">稿後告訴友人:「這無疑是向資產者(包括土地所有者在內)腦袋發射的最厲害的炮彈。」(<i>譯按:〈馬克思致約翰‧菲力浦‧貝克爾<st1:chsdate day="17" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="4" w:st="on" year="1867"><span lang="FR-CA">1867</span>年<span lang="FR-CA">4</span>月<span lang="FR-CA">17</span>日</st1:chsdate>),中文《馬恩全集》第一版,<span lang="FR-CA">31</span>卷下,第<span lang="FR-CA">542</span>—<span lang="FR-CA">543</span>頁,人民出版社。</i>)<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">主流意見</span><span lang="FR-CA">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">例如在斯伯柏(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Jonathan Sperber</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)和琼斯(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Gareth Stedman Jones</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)近期出版的有關馬克思的傳記中</span><span lang="FR-CA">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一以貫之地將《資本論》說成完全失敗的作品。他們描述《資本論》為一個當它出版時已是過時的著作,對身處</span><span lang="FR-CA">21</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">世紀的我們確實沒有什麼有意義的內容。</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這無法解釋為何人們今天對《資本論》的</span><span lang="FR-CA"><a href="https://socialistworker.co.uk/art/45131/Capital+a+vampire+at+work"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">興趣日益增加</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。世界各地都有紀念《資本論》出版</span><span lang="FR-CA">150</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">週年的會議。我上個月在巴西出席了一個會議,本週還參加了由倫敦國王學院主辦的另一個會議。另一位參與者(<i>譯按:指倫敦國王學院的會議</i>)哈維(</span><span lang="FR-CA">David Harvey</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)在</span><span lang="FR-CA">Youtube</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">視頻上的《資本論》講演的成功,正好顯示當代對了解馬克思的資本主義批判的興趣。</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">畢</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">竟,</span><st1:chsdate day="14" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="9" w:st="on" year="2017"><span lang="FR-CA">9</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="FR-CA">14</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不僅僅是《資本論》第一卷首次出版的日子,也是北岩銀行(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Northern Rock</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)擠兌事件十週年的</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">日子</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,當時存款人在北岩的各分行外排隊等候提走存款。這是自馬克思時代</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的</span><span lang="FR-CA">1866</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年奧偉蘭德格尼公司(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Overend, Gurney & Co</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)銀行的崩盤以來,英國的銀行首次出現擠兌事件。</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">北岩銀行的擠兌,發生在全球的經濟和金融危機爆發的時刻,是明擺著的事實。我們仍然</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">生活在這場危機的餘波之中。在美國聯邦儲備委員會和英國央行等的中央銀行之中,資本主義的週期危機所產生的混亂,顯而易見。他們對於是否要冒險將利率從在危機時期下跌到的最低水平向上調升,猶豫不決。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">《資本論》——不只是第一卷,包括在馬克思去世後由恩格斯所編輯的第二卷和第三卷——使人們能夠克服這種混亂。第一卷尤其是馬克思的傑作,但他是在恩格斯的不斷催促下,艱難地——正如他告訴恩格斯——完成了「一個藝術的整體」。(<i>譯按:〈馬克思致恩格斯<st1:chsdate day="31" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="7" w:st="on" year="1865"><span lang="FR-CA">1865</span>年<span lang="FR-CA">7</span>月<span lang="FR-CA">31</span>日</st1:chsdate>),中文《馬恩全集》第一版,<span lang="FR-CA">31</span>卷上,第<span lang="FR-CA">135</span>頁,人民出版社。</i>)<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《資本論》部份章</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">節是難讀的,尤其是第</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">章,恩格斯曾敦勸馬克思重寫以讓人們更易明白。但在優秀的評論員</span><span lang="FR-CA">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不只是哈維,還有庫納拉(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Joseph Choonara</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)卓越的《馬克思〈資本論〉的讀本指南》(</span><i><span lang="FR-CA"><a href="https://bookmarksbookshop.co.uk/view/44884/A+Reader%2527s+Guide+To+Marx%2527s+Capital">A
Reader's Guide to Marx's Capital</a></span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR-CA">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">幫助下,你會找到自己進入《資本論》體系的方式。</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">獨創性<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">英國早期評論家道森(</span><span lang="FR-CA">W.H. Dawson</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">所寫的</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">——正如霍布斯鮑姆(或譯霍布斯邦)(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Eric Hobsbawm</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)指出,他在當代擁護資本主義的評論家之中</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">有著</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">非常不同的口吻——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">仍然是真確的,「不管如何看待這個學說,沒有人會膽敢質疑大師的獨創性、難得的頭腦、精密的論證和再加上在(《資本論》)書頁中所展示的銳利論辯。」<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">而且,馬克思並不是在一個舒服的學術研究環境和坐在教授椅子上寫成此書。在整個</span><span lang="FR-CA">1850</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="FR-CA">1860</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代,當他進行他主要的經濟學研究時,馬克思的家庭</span><span lang="FR-CA">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有時不顧一切和絕望地</span><span lang="FR-CA">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">要與貧窮作鬥爭。</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">此外,馬克思寫</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">作《資本論》第一卷時,他正從事發揮他最有影響力的政治工作。在</span><span lang="FR-CA">1864</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">至</span><span lang="FR-CA">1872</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年期間,他是國際工人協會(或稱第一國際)主要領導人之一。他引領第一國際在美國南北戰爭中支持反對蓄奴的北方、支持愛爾蘭獨立的運動和</span><span lang="FR-CA">1871</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的巴黎公社。</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這本書本身就是反映了工人的鬥爭。馬克思在一封給恩格斯的信中解釋說,他寫了《資本論》現在的第十章「工作日」(<i>譯按:中譯本編為第八章</i>),但感到身體抱恙和「真正理論部分的</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">無法推</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">進」(</span><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">譯按:〈馬克思致恩格斯<span lang="FR-CA">1866</span>年<span lang="FR-CA">2</span>月<span lang="FR-CA">10</span>日),中文《馬恩全集》第一版,<span lang="FR-CA">31</span>卷上,第<span lang="FR-CA">177</span>頁,人民出版社。</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。這是一幅對維多利</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">亞時代資本家無情的剝削方法的令人吃驚和</span>仍然觸動人心<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">的描繪;還有工人的集體抵抗,以迫使資本家讓步和贏得對工作日作出限制的立法保障。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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你不必捨近求遠地找尋為什麼《資本論》仍然是一本有生命力的著作的答案。它所說的就是針對我們身處的世界,<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">那裡有麥當勞工人反對剝削的抗爭(<i>譯按:最近英國麥當勞工人要求增加工資和改善勞動條件,發起首次的罷工</i>),有工人反對薪資限制和一幫老闆的抗爭。只要資本主義存活下去,《資本論》亦將會如此。<br /><br /><b>相關文章:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;"><b><a href="http://ma-petite-taverne.blogspot.fr/2014/06/alex-callinicos.html">《資本論》之探究</a></b></span></div>
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驛站http://www.blogger.com/profile/11378808425722503912noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-361642193953372193.post-23785322574649487112017-07-23T15:41:00.003+02:002018-03-05T00:22:42.080+01:00柯賓合乎情理,梅伊威信掃地——左翼的躍進 Alex Callinicos<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="FR">Alex
Callinicos </span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">宋治德</span> <span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">譯</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">譯按:文章原載於《國際社會主義》(</span><span lang="FR">International Socialism</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)季刊,</span><span lang="FR">2017</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年六月號第</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://isj.org.uk/corbyn-justified-may-humbled">155<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">期</span></span></a></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<st1:chsdate day="8" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="6" w:st="on" year="2017">2017<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">年</span></span>6<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">月</span></span>8<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">日</span></span></st1:chsdate></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">英國國會大選出人意料的結果</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">伴隨著倫敦塔橋上警察槍聲的迴響</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">表明,自從將</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">近十年前於</span><span lang="FR">2007</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="FR">8</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月爆發的全球經濟和金融危機以來,其對先進資本主義社會的穩定所造成的破壞力量,</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">仍然起著作用。然而,吊詭之處是這些力量部分地使到垂老的兩黨制</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">它在</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">英國的國家和政治型態(確保宰制的資本主義聯盟的霸權)數十年來的長期危機壓力下而近乎被壓垮</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">得以恢復生機。<sup><a href="#fn1" id="ref1">[1]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但最重要的是,這次選舉看到事前受盡其他政黨、媒體和本黨國會議員輕蔑的柯賓(</span><span lang="FR">Jeremy
Corbyn</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〔<i>譯按:港譯為郝爾彬</i>〕</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,他</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">領導工黨贏得的選票,是自</span><span lang="FR">2001</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年布萊爾(</span><span lang="FR">Tony Blair</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)〔<i>譯按:港譯為貝理雅</i>〕第二次壓倒優勢勝利以來的最高份額,以及剝奪了保守黨在議會過半數的地位。這項驚人的成就,所依靠的並非在新自由主義時代媒體上虛有其表的政治公關技巧,而是由群眾運動以支持一個左翼的反緊縮競選宣言。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">要了解發生什麼事情,我們必須將柯賓運動的成功,與其他地方的激進左翼的躍進聯繫來看</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">例如,希臘的激進左翼聯盟(</span><span lang="FR">Syriza</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)在選舉獲勝和</span><span lang="FR">2015</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的反緊縮公投,以及去年在美國民主黨初選取得成功的桑德斯(</span><span lang="FR">Bernie Sanders</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。很多自由派甚至激進左翼的假設,認為脫歐公投顯示英國(或至少英格蘭)社會是無可逆轉的反動,但這次選舉結果正好與他們的假設相反(或者他們又認為蘇格蘭社會確實在性質上更為進步,不過這亦與保守黨在這次選舉向國界以北躍進互相矛盾)。英國像其他國家一樣,危機及其長期的影響,開始破壞新自由主義的秩序,壯大了激進左翼和激進右翼、反種族主義和種族主義、進步和反動的力量。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但現在英國這裡,右派正處於守勢。梅伊</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-GB">Theresa May</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〔<i>譯按:港譯為文翠珊</i>〕提前舉行大選,被證明為在現代英國政治上最災難性的誤判形勢之一。<sup><a href="#fn2" id="ref2">[2]</a></sup></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">它可以與此前的兩次提前大選比較:</span><span lang="EN-GB">1923</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-GB">12</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Garamond;">,</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">保守黨黨魁鮑德溫(</span><span lang="EN-GB">Stanley Baldwin</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)試圖為貿易保護政策的進口關稅取得支持而提前大選;</span><span lang="EN-GB">1974</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-GB">2</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月,保守黨黨魁希思(</span><span lang="EN-GB">Ted Heath</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">提出「誰治政英國</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">?</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-GB">Who Governs Britain?</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的選舉。兩人結果都失敗,而出現一個</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">工黨的少數政府。這次梅伊為了保住權位,正設法爭取極端忠英的「民主聯合黨」(</span><span lang="FR">Democratic Unionist Party</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)〔<i>譯按:下稱</i></span><i><span lang="FR">DUP</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〕的支持而組成聯合政府。但厄運臨頭的徵兆已經出現。</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">脫歐的報應</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">梅伊作出提前大選的決定,反映了兩個因素的趨同。第一,當然是去年〔<i>譯按:</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB">2016</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〕</span><st1:chsdate day="23" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="6" w:st="on" year="2017"><span lang="EN-GB">6</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-GB">23</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">離開歐盟的投票。梅伊從一個不熱情的留歐支持者,將自己變為脫歐的狂熱者,這部分是一個簡單的機會主義問題。梅伊要多謝脫歐者的自我獻身和本身辦事可靠的信譽,而贏得首相職位,之後便接受了脫歐立場。事實上,她所做的要確保「硬脫歐」</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">離開歐洲單一市場和規避歐洲法院的司法管轄。她希望重新團結被脫歐公投弄得嚴重分裂的保守黨,以及重奪尤其在</span><span lang="EN-GB">2015</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年大選輸給英國獨立黨(</span><span lang="EN-GB">UK Independence Party</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)〔<i>譯按:下稱</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB">UKIP</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〕的選區。</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">第二個是意識形態的因素,其與機會主義一樣,在梅伊的選擇中扮演了角色。近</span><span lang="EN-GB">20</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年來,有人或稱世界自由主義(</span><span lang="FR">cosmopolitan liberalism</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)在英國政治上取得主導地位。它包括結合了經濟自由主義(</span><span lang="EN-GB">economic liberalism</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">換言之,致力於新自由主義的經濟政策</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和社會自由主義(</span><span lang="EN-GB">social
liberalism</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對例如</span><span lang="EN-GB">LGBT</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">加上權利的議題採取的進步態度。英國因為參與了美國自二次世界大戰以來為確保其霸權而建立的多邊機構(北約、歐盟、世界貿易組織,等等),為世界主義意識形態提供有力的支持。這個時期的主要政治人物,分別為布萊爾和卡麥隆(</span><span lang="FR">David Cameron</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〔<i>譯按:港譯為卡</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">梅倫</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〕</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以及他們的財相布朗(</span><span lang="EN-GB">Gordon Brown</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)〔<i>譯按:港譯為白高敦</i>〕和奧斯本(</span><span lang="EN-GB">George Osborne</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)〔<i>譯按:港譯為歐思邦</i></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〕,他們體現了這種世界自由主義。眾所週知,這種政治去年遭受了兩次重大打擊,英國的脫歐公投和美國的川普勝選。</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">現在梅伊毋需拒絕世界自由主義,尤其她缺乏智力的創意、亦非要基於階級利益或社會基礎而與新自由主義決裂。但無疑地,她試圖對主導的意識形態注入一個更具民族主義的、威權的和干預經濟的特徵。這三個要素之中,最後一個最為模糊。這與撒切爾夫人一樣,經濟顯然受著調控,但就不曉得該怎樣認真看待梅伊說的幫助「工人們」和糾正「市場失靈」的一番話。</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">她顯然在她的主要戰略顧問蒂莫西(</span><span lang="FR">Nick Timothy</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的協助下,設計出有名吝嗇、社會倒退和政治災難的社會經濟政策</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「失智症稅」(</span><span lang="FR">dementia tax</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〔</span><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">譯按:長者在家接受照護不會得到補助而必須付更高費用</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〕</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,對於任何需要社會照護的人放棄訂立其財政支出的最高限額。梅伊與蒂莫西欣賞張伯倫(</span><span lang="FR">Joseph Chamberlain</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="FR">1836-1914</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),一位來自伯明翰的自由黨激進變節者、並幫助保守黨保住執政地位</span><span lang="EN-GB">20</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,他反對愛爾蘭自治法案和擁護帝國主義和告訴你需要知道的保護主義。因此,保守黨與</span><span lang="EN-GB">UDP</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">偏執的佩斯利信徒(</span><span lang="FR">Paisleyite</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)〔<i>譯按:</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">佩斯利(</span><span lang="FR">Ian Paisley</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),創立</span><span lang="FR">UDP</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">及其準軍事的恐怖主義組織</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〕的結盟,也正中梅伊的下懷。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">當她試圖限制外來移民和抵制尋求維護人權的法官時,她內心是非常清楚的。這方面,她反映了在卡麥隆領導下而主管了</span><span lang="EN-GB">6</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的內政部</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">其</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">惡劣的、壓制性的精神面貌。戴維斯(</span><span lang="EN-GB">Will
Davies</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)〔<i>譯按:英國政治學者</i>〕描述了如何與內政部官員的對話:</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">一個長期以來陷入衝突而形成的一個強大形象的部門。在一個曾經視國界為不受歡迎的阻礙資本和勞工(在較小程度上)的自由流動、視地域流動性為促進生產力和</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">GDP</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">增長的重要因素的年代中,內政部對「公民」和安全的執迷,其成為對財政部和「</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">商業、革新和技能部」(</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Department for Business, Innovation and Skills</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">)的麻煩之事。有一段時期,在白廳(</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Whitehall</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">)〔<i>譯按:代表英國政府中央</i>〕內部對</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">於國家、市場和公民之間的妥善關係存在著意識形態上的衝突,但被一系列突出的、雄心勃勃的、和主要以經濟視野推動英國在世界上地位的大臣們的權威所掩蓋了。人們可以想像,內政部的部長和官員們由此而醞釀的不滿,其對英國「經濟競爭力」成為了芒刺在背的問題。<sup><a href="#fn3" id="ref3">[3]</a></sup><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></div>
<span lang="FR" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">梅伊在脫歐公投之後而贏得首相職位,給予她機會不僅除掉舊仇如奧斯本,甚至主張國家主權和安全為優先順位。在所有可能情況下,能夠取消勞動力的自由流動和擺脫歐洲法院的司法管轄</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,令她</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">拒絕讓英國留在歐洲單一市場的脫歐協議(財政大臣韓蒙德(</span><span lang="FR">Philip
Hammond</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)〔<i>譯按:港譯為夏文達</i>〕無法勸阻她)。梅伊斷然拒絕倫敦金融中心遊說不要離開歐洲單一市場、和去年在保守黨會議上斥責試圖袪除國家認同的「無處歸屬的公民」(</span><span lang="FR">citizens of nowhere</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的主張,</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">突顯了</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">財政部</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在英國作為世界自由主義的主要堡壘</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的弱化。就像在美國自從川普的勝利一樣,基礎與上層建築已經非常不同步了。<sup><a href="#fn4" id="ref4">[4]</a></sup><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR"><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">朗西曼</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-GB">David Runciman</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)〔<i>譯按:英國政治學家</i>〕將這個演講形容為「令人驚訝的魯莽」,表示她除了受到廣泛報導的具勤奮和頑固(梅伊最終還是如克拉克〔</span><span lang="EN-GB">Ken Clake</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〕〔<i>譯按:保守黨資深議員</i>〕形容為非常難弄的女人</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的特質外,她和卡麥隆</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在任期間兩次提出公投〔<i>譯按:</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">蘇格蘭獨立公投和脫歐公投</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〕,幾乎令到不列顛王國瓦解並且退出了歐盟</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一樣是個賭徒。<sup><a href="#fn5" id="ref5">[5]</a></sup></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">正如一個親保守黨的專欄作家輕蔑地說,「在梅伊夫人和她之前卡麥隆先生的領導下,領導成為一種以任何策略技倆讓你在一週之內過關的處事的低級藝術,直到逐漸累積起來的矛盾和麻煩形成一個不能幸免的危機」。</span><sup style="font-family: pmingliu;"><a href="#fn6" id="ref6">[6]</a></sup></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在什麼情況下舉行大選而似乎不是賭博實為次要的考慮因素。梅伊與其他政治和媒體的菁英共同抱持的觀點:工黨在那裡已等著被手到擒來。這部分是由於對柯賓的慣常看法所起的作用(最為一以貫之地被本黨議員散佈),其為:他是工黨過去失敗的左翼領導人</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">蘭斯伯里(</span><span lang="FR">George Lansbury</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)和富特(</span><span lang="FR">Michael
Foot</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的現代版本,是一個無力的、「不能當選」的左翼輸家。</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但這裡也有脫歐的效應。英國作為歐盟成員其一直成為超越對一般政黨擁戴(實際上是左與右的劃分)的議題。</span><span lang="EN-GB">UKIP</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在</span><span lang="EN-GB">2015</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年大選靠贏得那些認為主要政黨已不再能代表他們</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">相對貧窮、受教育程度較低和長者</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的「被遺棄」選民,令自己成為第三大政黨(從選票而言而非席次上)。<sup><a href="#fn7" id="ref7">[7]</a></sup></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">最初,保守黨似乎最為受到威脅,但工黨逐漸地在它的工人階級基礎的傳統領地的中部和北部也受到威脅。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">然後是去留歐盟的投票。雖然工黨宣傳留歐,但它有</span><span lang="EN-GB">35%</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的選民支持脫歐。<sup><a href="#fn8" id="ref8">[8]</a></sup></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這在政治和學術界被廣泛認為是一個臨界點:加速工黨的工人階級的保守支持者向右移。梅伊和她的顧問諸如蒂莫西和馬基雅維利式的澳洲人克羅斯比(</span><span lang="FR">Lynton Crosby</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),透過將脫歐變為一個選舉議題(和抱怨下議院阻撓引用《里斯本條約》第</span><span lang="EN-GB">50</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">條以啟動英國離開歐盟),希望能夠將</span><span lang="EN-GB">UKIP</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和工黨的中部和北部的席次,囊括入保守黨的陣營。這個腳本為大部分建制派所接受。到這次選舉當天,媒體充斥了工黨會被保守黨長驅直進它的傳統領地的報導。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這個算計沒被證明為完全錯誤。</span><span lang="EN-GB">UKIP</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">自從</span><span lang="EN-GB">2016</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-GB">6</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月去留歐盟公投的脫歐勝利以來已經崩潰,</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">觀乎它今次選舉得票的份額下降了</span><span lang="EN-GB">10.8%</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">實際上已被擊倒了。選民在去留歐盟公投中,如何投票與是否傾向保守黨或工黨有關。根據出口民調(</span><span lang="EN-GB">exit poll</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">梅伊要壓倒性勝利的美夢注定落空的喪鐘</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">設計者柯蒂斯(</span><span lang="EN-GB">John
Curtice</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)說,「平均而言,在</span><span lang="EN-GB">2016</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">年保守黨支持者票投脫歐的超過</span><span lang="EN-GB">60%</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">,但這次選舉席次只得一個百分點入帳;相反,工黨支</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">持者</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">票投留歐的超過</span><span lang="EN-GB">55%</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">,這次選舉席次有七個百分點入帳」</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。<sup><a href="#fn9" id="ref9">[9]</a></sup><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">然而,</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">整體</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">來說,去留歐盟的議題在</span><st1:chsdate day="8" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="6" w:st="on" year="2017"><span lang="EN-GB">6</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">月</span><span lang="EN-GB">8</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">大選沒有產生作用〔<i>譯按:即推銷「硬脫</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">歐」的保守黨沒有拿到什麼甜頭,相反支持留歐的政黨亦一樣失掉選票</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">〕</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。我們可以從承諾反對脫歐的政黨——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">自由民主黨、綠黨和某程度上的蘇格蘭民族黨</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR">Scottish National Party</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〔</span><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">譯按:下稱</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">SNP</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〕——的命運看到。它們都失掉一定份額的選票,雖然自由民主黨獲得四個額外的席次,但選票的份額略為減少(</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">相比</span><span lang="EN-GB">2015</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的</span><span lang="EN-GB">7.9%</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,今次獲得</span><span lang="EN-GB">7.4%</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),同時綠黨</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">譴責柯賓同意引用《里斯本條約》第</span><span lang="EN-GB">50</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">條、倡議成立反保守黨的「進步聯盟」和就去留歐盟進行第二次公投</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的得票份額亦由</span><span lang="EN-GB">3.7%</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">下降</span><span lang="EN-GB">1.6%</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。更為重要的是,保守黨在支</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">持脫歐</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">選區的入帳,都不夠彌補失去給工黨的席次。相反,工黨在英格蘭南部取得重大突破和鞏固了在倫敦的主導地位</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">那裡相比保守黨</span><span lang="EN-GB">33.2%</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">得票而令人意外地</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">獲得</span><span lang="EN-GB">54.5%</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,甚至以些微票</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">數</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">之差奪得極親保守黨的倫敦肯辛頓(</span><span lang="EN-GB">Kensington</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)選區的一席。</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">為了解釋這個問題,必須從前《經濟學人》(</span><i><span lang="EN-GB">The Economist</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)編輯艾莫特(</span><span lang="EN-GB">Bill Emmott</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)於選舉前夕強調一個簡單的事實開始:「在英國選民</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不管他們是贊成或反對作為歐盟成員國</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所關心的議題之中,『歐洲』所占的比重並不高」。(艾莫特稱「英國過去</span><span lang="EN-GB">44</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年來親歐盟事業的真正失敗……其對英國和它的戰略利益是個悲劇」時,流露了自己的偏好。)<sup><a href="#fn10" id="ref10">[10]</a></sup></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但是歐洲議題對於大部分英國選民而言顯著性</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">較</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">低,令到一年前許多投票支持留歐的選民接受脫歐為不可避免。</span><span lang="EN-GB">YouGov</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〔<i>譯按:英國民調機構</i>〕的羅伯茨(</span><span lang="EN-GB">Marcus Roberts</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)寫道:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">關於脫歐的問題,選民以可以分成三個、而非兩個核心組別:</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">45%</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">的</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">脫歐強硬派(</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Hard Leavers</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">),</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">22%</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">仍然想阻止脫歐的留歐強硬派(</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Hard Remainers</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">),和</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">23%</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">的歸依脫歐派(</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Re-Leavers</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">指那些在去年夏天票投留歐但認為政府現在有義務離開歐盟。</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">後一個類別的出現〔<i>譯按:指歸依脫歐派</i>〕,意味著當政黨討論脫歐時,他們不應將此議題劃分為兩大互相分歧的選民群體。相反,這裡有一個由脫歐和歸依脫歐派組成的大湖,還有一個留歐派的小池塘。這意味著保守黨和</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">UKIP</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">是</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">在這</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">68%</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">選民的大湖裡捕魚,而工黨、自由民主黨、綠黨和民族主義者〔<i>譯按:指蘇格蘭民族黨</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">SNP</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">〕正在互相爭奪的只有這</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">22%</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">的選民。<sup><a href="#fn11" id="ref11">[11]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">羅伯茨的分析</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和他預測</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">梅伊將會獲得壓倒性勝利</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">將工黨歸入反脫歐政黨的類別。但這正是在柯賓領導下的工黨拒絕被歸入的光譜位置。他即使在《衛報》(</span><i><span lang="FR">The Guardian</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的讀者階級異口同聲的反對、和本黨的</span><span lang="EN-GB">52</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">名留歐死忠議員的違逆下,驅策工黨國會議員投票支持引用《里斯本條約》第</span><span lang="EN-GB">50</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">條的議案而使下議院迅速通過議案。這令到梅伊將工黨標籤為反脫歐更加困難,和使到柯賓團隊專注於展開競選運動以宣傳他們競選宣言的社會和經濟的內容。</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">柯賓主義的連結</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">政治學家惠特利(</span><span lang="EN-GB">Jonathan Wheatley</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)區分了「政治觀點的兩個面向」,可以用來確定人們站在左或右的光譜位置。</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">第一個是經濟層面,是否喜歡擁護自由市場的經濟政策,或是財富的重分配和國家在經濟中有更大的作用。第二個是文化層面,我稱之為社群</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">–</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">世界主義(</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">communitarian-cosmopolitan</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">),而其他的評論者則稱之為「開放型對封閉型」。它涉及你從屬的社</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">群與外界的關係,借用例如歐盟成員國與移民的問題。<sup><a href="#fn12" id="ref12">[12]</a></sup><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">惠特利的研究顯示,在大選前夕,保守黨和工黨的支持者與</span><span lang="EN-GB">2015</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年相比,在兩個方面都變得更為兩極化:</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">存在中間的大差距,並沒有被任何一黨的支持者占據。這或者反映去年〔<i>譯按:</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">2016</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">〕脫歐公投運動的餘緒,可能導致選民偏好的兩極化。</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">實際上,鑑於民調最近的波動,中間部分並非是懸空的,其很可能包含大量未決定的選民。這正是各政黨,尤其是兩大政黨,矢志要贏得的部分。對於工黨來說,他們的困境在於需要贏得來自兩個非常不同的支持基礎。一方面,在他們傳統領地的中部和北部,那裡的選民通常在文化層面上處於「封閉型」的光譜位置,而會支持脫歐和在</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">2015</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">大選甚至與</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">UKIP</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">調過情。另一方面,年輕的世界主義的「開放型」選民,他們通常來自倫敦及其周邊各郡,或會考慮自由民主黨或綠黨。自去年</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">6</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">月的脫歐公投後,這兩個支持基礎的距離,似乎已經進一步拉遠,難以相容在同一個陣營內。從這裡提出的證據和民調的數據來看,後一個群體對於柯賓的工黨似乎已經掉頭而去,而前者仍然可以被說服。<sup><a href="#fn13" id="ref13">[13]</a></sup><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">正如惠特利還指出,「梅伊有意圖地嘗試以『封閉型』的經濟左派分子為爭取對象」。我們可以看到她失敗了,工黨能夠克服這個困境。這不能只是消極地解釋,因為梅伊枯燥乏味的競選活動和她提出「失智症稅」(</span><span lang="EN-GB">dementia tax</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的災難性錯誤。柯賓和他的支持者能夠提出積極的訴求。他們的宣言不再是重覆工黨</span><span lang="EN-GB">1983</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的、卡夫曼(</span><span lang="EN-GB">Gerald Kaufman</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)〔<i>譯按:工黨右派資深議員</i>〕有名嘲諷的「歷史上最長遺書」的宣言,但當</span><st1:chsdate day="16" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="5" w:st="on" year="2017"><span lang="EN-GB">5</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-GB">16</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《倫敦晚旗報》(</span><i><span lang="EN-GB">London Evening
Standard</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)提早洩露宣言草稿而喊道「柯賓同志揮舞紅旗」後,那些懶惰的記者又再重覆一遍這個嘲諷。</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">事實上,柯賓和他的影子財政大臣約翰‧麥克唐納(</span><span lang="EN-GB">John McDonnell</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)提出了一個凱因斯年代(</span><span lang="EN-GB">1945—75</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的堅實社會民主綱領:對富人和富裕者課以更高的稅收以為基礎設施提供資金,一個國有的投資銀行,終止國民醫療服務體系(</span><span lang="EN-GB">NHS</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的私營化,建立國營的教育和照護服務,將鐵路、水、電和皇家郵政變回國有,改善工人權益,打擊濫用</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">零散工經濟(</span><span lang="EN-GB">gig
economy</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),維持養老金的三重鎖定(</span><span lang="EN-GB">triple lock on pensions</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)〔<i>譯按:國家養老金給付數額每年按</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB">2.5%</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、或通貨膨脹率或國民平均收入而調升,三者之中以最高者為準</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〕,撤消大學學費和恢復教育生活津貼(</span><span lang="EN-GB">Education Maintenance Allowance</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)〔</span><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">譯按:</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">16</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">至</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">19</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歲學生或職業培訓者可領取的生活津貼,每週最高為</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">30</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">英鎊</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〕。</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在</span><span lang="EN-GB">40</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">多年的新自由主義、近</span><span lang="EN-GB">10</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的緊縮政策下,使到這些建議顯得激進。甚至湯因比(</span><span lang="EN-GB">Polly Toynbee</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">起初是從工黨分裂出來的社會民主黨的辯護士,</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">後來倒向布萊爾主義</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">將這草案形容為「一個使人高興的聚寶盆</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">……</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">寶庫裡都是應該要做的,和打破那些過去看來似乎是永不該做的事情的看法,承諾這個國家幾乎每個人都無限地更好」。她只是擔心與柯賓聯繫一起,或會令到這一套好的建議信譽受損。<sup><a href="#fn14" id="ref14">[14]</a></sup><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">選舉之後,主流媒體和工黨右翼相比之前採取了不同的策略,承認:「當然,柯賓是一位優秀的倡導者」。這表示他與梅伊之間的區別只是技巧和個性的問題而已。事實上,工黨競選運動的內容和組織是至關重要的。柯賓以一個社會主義的鬥爭而要終結緊縮政策。他在進步和國際主義基礎上,提供一個替代世界自由主義的方案(梅伊則是倒退的替代方案)。所以,工黨競選宣言起了作用。此外,柯賓團隊為了將工黨轉為社會運動的目標而邁出了一大步。由於巧妙地利用了社群媒體的支援</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">大規模群眾集會縱橫交錯地遍布全國。然而,即使柯賓獲得廣泛的會員支持,但受制於由黨內右派在全國和地方控制的機器,仍然不能打破工黨內部的僵局。「動力」(</span><span lang="FR">Momentum</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">)的成立,為了給柯</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">賓提供</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">由活躍分子</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">組成的有力平台,</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">被內部的派</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">系爭論</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">癱瘓了。</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">到了競選活動期間,「動力」發揮了作用,動員其成員成為一個拉票的「突擊隊」。熱心支持柯賓的人,不再僅僅是一個網上的存在,開始發揮他們對現實世界的影響。他們的活動因為一連串反</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">緊縮的抗議和地方的日常行動</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">通常由工黨黨員和激進左翼的戰鬥派(包括社會主義工人黨〔</span><span lang="EN-GB">Socialist Workers Party</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〕)所組織</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">而更為</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">強大</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。所有這些行動現在有一個共同的政治焦點,它將無論是在工黨內或外的、迄今為止分裂和互相排斥的激進左翼團結起來,就是:踢走保守黨,支持柯賓,票投工黨。</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這就是青年參與投票激增的背景。根據</span><span lang="EN-GB">YouGov</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">調查,柯賓拿到了青年的選票廣泛分布於</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">該</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年齡組別:</span><span lang="EN-GB">18</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">至</span><span lang="EN-GB">19</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歲占</span><span lang="EN-GB">66%</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">;</span><span lang="EN-GB">20</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">至</span><span lang="EN-GB">24</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歲占</span><span lang="EN-GB">62%</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">;</span><span lang="EN-GB">25</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">至</span><span lang="EN-GB">29</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歲占</span><span lang="EN-GB">62%</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">;而</span><span lang="EN-GB">30</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">多歲的有</span><span lang="EN-GB">55%</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-GB">40</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">多歲不過半數亦有</span><span lang="EN-GB">44%</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。<sup><a href="#fn15" id="ref15">[15]</a></sup></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">青年人投票支持工黨,不能被化約為只為特定議題</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">反對脫歐或柯賓承諾取消大學學費。青年激進化浪潮促使危機爆發而引起政治動盪的其中一個因素——在國際上於</span><span lang="EN-GB">2011</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的占領華爾街運動、和英國於</span><span lang="EN-GB">2010</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的學生抗議運動。青年成為緊縮政策統治下的受害者,他們的未來就是低薪工作、昂貴和稀缺的住房、和龐大的學生債務,而使到許多年輕人向左轉了。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">工黨對於經濟方面的建議,削弱了梅伊訴諸「封閉型經濟左派」的效果。我們此前在《國際社會主義》(</span><i><span lang="EN-GB">International Socialism</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)季刊第</span><span lang="EN-GB">153</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">期發表的圖</span><span lang="EN-GB">1</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〔<i>譯按:在作者的</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://isj.org.uk/end-of-the-world-news/"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">文章</span></a></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〈世界新聞的結束〉(</span></i><span lang="EN-GB">The end of the world news</span><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)裡</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〕,顯示自從經濟危機以來,實際收入的急遽下降。此圖值得再次發表,它顯示正是「一般勞動者」</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">梅伊承諾要捍衛他們的利益</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">從大衰退的「復甦」之中付出了代價。由於自</span><span lang="EN-GB">2016</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-GB">6</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月以來,英鎊匯率下降而導致通貨膨脹上升,意味著實際工資繼續受到雇主</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">其面對普遍的競爭問題和不願參與提高生產力的投資</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">施加下行的壓力。直至</span><span lang="EN-GB">4</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月份的三個月,實際收入下降了</span><span lang="EN-GB">0.6%</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。<sup><a href="#fn16" id="ref16">[16]</a></sup></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一般勞動者經歷了工資受到擠壓和更為普遍的緊縮、和對未來國民醫療服務體系的擔憂,但梅伊空洞的競選宣言並沒應對上述任何一個問題,實際上提出更為糟糕的「失智症稅」,這對於或會因為脫歐或移民問題而被保守黨或</span><span lang="EN-GB">UKIP</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">吸引過的許多傳統工黨選民,必然被說服繼續與工黨一起。</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">【圖</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB">1</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">】自</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB">17</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">世紀以來,</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB">10</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年間實際每週工資的增長。</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">過去</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">10</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">年及其前</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">10</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">年之間,平均工資變動的百分比(依據消費者物價指數〔</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">CPI</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">〕和前期調整〔</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;">predecessors adjusted</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11pt;">〕</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">)。資料來源:</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Resolution
Foundation</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">〔<i>譯按:英國一個標榜解決中低收入家庭生活水平的智庫機構</i>〕</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">甚至來自學術界的、支</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">持</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">大眾媒體認為選舉結果是「留歐者報復」觀點的古溫(</span><span lang="EN-GB">Matthew Goodwin</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)〔<i>譯按:英國政治作家,因為選前看衰柯賓工黨得票不過</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB">38%</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,結果要在鏡頭前上演撕下自己書的一頁而吞下</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〕,他提出「不成比例的青年高投票,結合來自城市支持留歐的自由派,使到工黨攻下了倫敦和大學城」,之後承認:</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">至關重要的是,工黨亦設法</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">守衛</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">其更為脆弱的、投票脫歐的地區領域,而取得了一些成果。這不是全部關於脫歐。顯然,柯賓承諾處理經濟不公義、抑制銀行、對富人課以更高的稅收和重新將鐵路國有化,引起英國「被遺棄」一群的迴響。<sup><a href="#fn17" id="ref17">[17]</a></sup><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">此外,工黨的這次成功支持了一個更為長期研究的結論:即隨著族群不斷融合的人口的英國城市,正越來越有利於成為工黨的領地。<sup><a href="#fn18" id="ref18">[18]</a></sup><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">[</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">保守黨右翼的《旁觀者》(</span><i><span lang="EN-GB">The Spectator</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)週刊編輯納爾遜(</span><span lang="EN-GB">Fraser
Nelson</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),勉強地承認:「我們應該停止把柯賓主義視為一種不合時宜的、</span><span lang="EN-GB">1970</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代的遺物。這裡有一個可怕的</span><span lang="EN-GB">2017</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的事情」。<sup><a href="#fn19" id="ref19">[19]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">最後,顯而易見的是,保守黨努力利用曼徹斯特和倫敦吊橋的恐怖主義暴行,標籤柯賓「對恐怖主義手軟」,證實砸了鍋。在競選活動的最後幾天,梅伊威脅對人權作出新的進犯而試圖奪回失去的陣地。她自己的記錄起不了幫助。你不能以擔任內政部長超過</span><span lang="EN-GB">6</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年、和以談論對手在</span><span lang="EN-GB">1980</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代與新芬黨(</span><span lang="EN-GB">Sinn Féin</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的對話,作為對在兩週內兩次恐怖襲擊的回應。但更重要的是,柯賓作為歷史上其中一個反戰運動的領導人,能夠利用他過去所建立的道德資本——他從一開始便反對入侵伊拉克並警告會導致更多的恐怖襲擊。他在</span><st1:chsdate day="26" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="5" w:st="on" year="2017"><span lang="EN-GB">5</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-GB">26</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">發表的講話,批評英國屈從美國在中東的帝國主義而造成的災難性影響,是一個至為重要的介入。</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">因此,本來試圖鞏固倒向保守黨的脫歐者的大選,反而產生了左翼的飆升。與梅伊所承諾的強大和穩定的領導相反,在不到</span><span lang="EN-GB">10</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年時間裡,她面對第二次的懸峙國會(</span><span lang="EN-GB">hung parliament</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。但保守黨和工黨的右翼聲稱,梅伊仍然是贏得了選舉,顯然胡說八道。在憲制上,作為下議院最大黨的領導人,她首先要嘗試籌組政府。但是,她沒有自動成為首相之權。在</span><span lang="EN-GB">1923</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的大選後〔<i>譯按:保守黨失掉議會過半數</i>〕,鮑德溫辭職(<i>譯按:見上文</i>),即使保守黨仍是下議院的最大黨(</span><span lang="EN-GB">258</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">席次,而工黨為</span><span lang="EN-GB">191</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和自由黨為</span><span lang="EN-GB">159</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),為了阻止這個局面擬進行如</span><span lang="EN-GB">A.J.P.</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">泰勒(</span><span lang="EN-GB">A. J. P. Taylor</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)〔<i>譯按:英國歷史學家</i>〕所稱的「輕率計畫」〔<i>譯按:臨時找其他保守黨人擔任首相</i>〕,但最終放棄了,這為拉姆齊‧麥克唐納(</span><span lang="FR">Ramsay MacDonald</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)領導的工黨打開了首次執政之門。<sup><a href="#fn20" id="ref20">[20]</a></sup></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">柯賓和約翰‧麥克唐納完全有權按他們的意願籌組少數派政府。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">然而,議會的算計有利於保守黨政府。這並不意味著梅伊試圖與</span><span lang="EN-GB">DUP</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">達成的「信任和供需」的交易將使她能夠繼續圓滿任職</span><span lang="EN-GB">5</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年。首先,即使保守黨能夠支撐下去,梅伊自己</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">正如奧斯本幸災樂禍的觀察</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「是一個刧數難逃的女人」。<sup><a href="#fn21" id="ref21">[21]</a></sup></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">保守黨無情地懲罰失敗者,梅伊的傲慢和諱莫如深的治理風格令她沒有幾個朋友。事實上,她不得不解僱她的參謀聯席蒂莫西(</span><span lang="EN-GB">Nick Timothy</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)和希爾(</span><span lang="EN-GB">Fiona Hill</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),看來是為了避免對領導的直接挑戰,這是她衰弱的一個跡象。她或會支撐一會兒。她的王牌就是可以繼任她相位的潛在競爭者都是難吸引人的,約翰遜(</span><span lang="EN-GB">Boris Johnson</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)、戴維斯(</span><span lang="EN-GB">David Davis</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)、魯德(</span><span lang="EN-GB">Amber Rudd</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)和福克斯(</span><span lang="EN-GB">Liam Fox</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),<b>過多難以選擇</b>(</span><i><span lang="EN-GB">embarras de richesses</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)其一。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">其次,保守黨與</span><span lang="EN-GB">DUP</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">結盟,其依靠一批殘存的創造論者、恐同者、反墮胎盲從者,從一開始破壞了政府的正當性。雙方都是弱勢的合作夥伴</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">保守黨因為選舉的挫敗,而</span><span lang="EN-GB">DUP</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">自己在愛爾蘭北部六郡處於新芬黨的壓力下。兩者相加,只是增加他們的弱勢。即使</span><span lang="EN-GB">DUP</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">會收斂對梅伊施以極端右派的社會觀點,他們也將要求更多的分肥撥款,並且要對在愛爾蘭北部占支配地位但日漸衰落的新教勢力予以支援。</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">直至今年較早前,北愛爾蘭首席部長福斯特(</span><span lang="EN-GB">Arlene Foster</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)因為被指控在一個價值接近</span><span lang="EN-GB">5</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">億英鎊的再生能源計畫的失敗項目之中貪污而被迫辭職,過去</span><span lang="EN-GB">10</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年以來,北愛爾蘭的行政機關一直由</span><span lang="EN-GB">DUP</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">領導了權力分掌。福斯特原初加入</span><span lang="EN-GB">DUP</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">便是因為她強烈反對在</span><span lang="EN-GB">1998</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年實施的結束北愛紛爭的《貝爾法斯特協議》(</span><span lang="EN-GB">Good Friday Agreement</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。如果梅伊讓他們破壞北愛權力分掌的穩定,那麼她在英國和其他歐洲統治階級心目中的地位便會越往下滑。<sup><a href="#fn22" id="ref22">[22]</a></sup><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">第三,對她最重要的是脫歐的議題。梅伊現在處於一個非常困難的境地。這裡沒有一個議會的多數,可以如她所想做的與歐盟徹底的決裂。內閣裡和議員席的留歐派,得到倫敦金融界和大小企業的支持,要求一個更為軟性的脫歐(包括留在關稅同盟,也可能是單一市場)而施加壓力。<sup><a href="#fn23" id="ref23">[23]</a></sup></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但約翰遜和福克斯以及他們的支持者不會樂意接受,隨著梅伊決定將戈夫(</span><span lang="EN-GB">Michael Gove</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">)帶回內閣〔<i>譯按:戈夫曾與梅伊角逐黨魁競選</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">,有推測梅伊此舉目的為羈縻戈夫</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">〕</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,他們一夥的力量得到了加強。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">而在海峽另一邊的歐盟其他國家代表,正等待著。在</span><span lang="EN-GB">4</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月下旬,歐盟執行委員會主席</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">諱名容克(</span><span lang="EN-GB">Jean-Claude Juncker</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在唐寧街首相府的晚餐被洩露出來,顯示歐盟領導人打算用打擊希臘</span><span lang="EN-GB">Syriza</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">政府相同的霸凌手段來對付英國。<sup><a href="#fn24" id="ref24">[24]</a></sup></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">雖然英國是一個更為龐大的經濟體,擁有自己貨幣和中央銀行的帝國主義列強,但事實仍然是歐盟偏好採用勒令(</span><span lang="FR">diktats</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)而不打算與個別國家進行談判。第</span><span lang="EN-GB">50</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">條啟動後,時鐘已在運行,如果沒有協議,英國將於</span><st1:chsdate day="29" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="3" w:st="on" year="2019"><span lang="EN-GB">2019</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-GB">3</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-GB">29</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">被淘汰出歐盟,屆時英國與其他歐洲國家的貿易關係受到更高得多的關稅干擾。越來越看到,歐盟領導們集中努力更緊密地克服歐元區的危機和應付川普對新自由主義全球化的挑戰,將會(諷刺的是,像極端脫歐者一樣)歡迎這個結果。<sup><a href="#fn25" id="ref25">[25]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">脫歐投票及其後果</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">卡麥隆的倒台和梅伊的災難性提前大選</span><span lang="EN-GB">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">因此使英國陷入政治不穩定期。英國資本主義面對的問題,就是還沒從金融危機和大衰退中恢復過來,而且正在加劇。<sup><a href="#fn26" id="ref26">[26]</a></sup></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">由柯賓領導的工黨提供擺脫這場危機的力量,政治和媒體菁英的所有算計被證實為錯誤。英國肯辛頓(</span><span lang="EN-GB">Kensington</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)北部可怕的格倫費爾塔(</span><span lang="EN-GB">Grenfell Tower</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)大樓的火災,引起民眾爆發的憤慨和怒火,令到這個保護富人和令窮人受苦的由階級對抗所界定的英國社會,成為焦點問題。在大選期間,柯賓指出了這一點。格倫費爾居民和其支持者,以諸如「階級」和「緊縮」的字詞描述他們慘況,亦由於柯賓的運動而獲得廣泛流傳。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">2017</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的選舉,最為突出的特點之一是衰落了數十年的老舊兩黨制重新抬頭。人們必須回到</span><span lang="EN-GB">1970</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,當戰後長期繁榮即將結束而保守黨希思擊敗工黨威爾遜(</span><span lang="EN-GB">Harold Wilson</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)政府之時,兩個主要政黨在大選贏得的總票數合共</span><span lang="EN-GB">80%</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(表一)。正如我們所看到的那樣,這次許多較小型政黨被擠壓了。</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這種意想不到的改變,並不表示回復到</span><span lang="FR-CA">1950</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="FR-CA">1960</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代的那種相對穩定局面。當時的評論員談到了巴茨凱爾主義(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Butskellism</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)〔<i>譯按:英國</i></span><i><span lang="FR-CA">1950</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代政壇的諷刺術語,虛構人物</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〕,意味相繼的財政大臣保守黨的巴特勒(</span><span lang="FR-CA">R.A.Butler</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)和工黨的蓋茨克(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Hugh Gaitskell</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),都同樣支</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">持</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">凱因斯式的福利主義政策。現在這是一個嚴酷的左</span><span lang="FR-CA">–</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">右兩派分化,其賦予和復甦了老舊的兩黨鬥爭。</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">【表一】</span></b><b><span lang="FR-CA">1970—2017</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,三個主要政黨得票份額(百分比)</span></b><b><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">來源:《金融時報》(</span><i><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA;"><a href="https://www.ft.com/content/d50a9332-4c89-11e7-a3f4-c742b9791d43?mhq5j=e1">Financial
Times</a></span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 11.0pt;">)</span><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年份(首相)</span></b><b><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">保守黨</span></b><b><span lang="FR-CA">%<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">工黨</span></b><b><span lang="FR-CA"> %<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">自由民主黨</span></b><b><span lang="FR-CA">%<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="FR-CA">1970</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(希思)</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">46.4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">43.1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">7.5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CA">02/1974</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(威爾遜)</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">37.9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">37.2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">19.3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CA">10/1974</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(威爾遜)</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">35.8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">39.2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">18.3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CA">1979</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(撒切爾)</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">43.9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">36.9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">13.8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CA">1983</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(撒切爾)</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">42.4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">27.6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">25.4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CA">1987</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(撒切爾)</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">42.4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">30.8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">22.6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 131.4pt;" valign="top" width="175"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">1992</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(梅傑)</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">42.2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">34.4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">17.8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CA">1997</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(布萊爾)</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">30.7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">43.2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">16.8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 131.4pt;" valign="top" width="175"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">2001</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(布萊爾)</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">31.7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">40.7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">18.3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 131.4pt;" valign="top" width="175"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">2005</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(布萊爾)</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">32.4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">35.2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">22.0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 131.4pt;" valign="top" width="175"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">2010</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(卡麥隆)</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">36.1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">29.0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">23.0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 131.4pt;" valign="top" width="175"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">2015</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(卡麥隆)</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">36.9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">30.4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">7.9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 131.4pt;" valign="top" width="175"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">2017</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(梅伊)</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">42.4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">40.1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR-CA">7.2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在</span><span lang="FR-CA">2015</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的英國大選和</span><span lang="FR-CA">2016</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的蘇格蘭議會選舉,即使</span><span lang="FR-CA">SNP</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">收穫甚豐,但之後的發展受到限制。它從</span><span lang="FR-CA">2015</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年大選在蘇格蘭的得票份額</span><span lang="FR-CA">50%</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,下降到這次</span><span lang="FR-CA">36.9%</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">;席次從原本</span><span lang="FR-CA">56</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">席,到這次失掉了</span><span lang="FR-CA">21</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">席給了保守黨和工黨。蘇格蘭首席部長施特金(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Nicola Sturgeon</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)被梅伊提前大選殺個措手不及,她不得不從較早前要要求進行第二次獨立公投的立場上軟化,因為這被證明在選舉上不受歡迎。在邊界以北,政治重新變得競爭起來〔<i>譯按:因為此次大選前的蘇格蘭政壇,基本由</i></span><i><span lang="FR-CA">SNP</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">主導</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〕。儘管蘇格蘭保守黨領導人戴維森(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Ruth Davidson</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)將此吹捧為她成功的聯合運動,這一發展亦為柯賓主義在蘇格蘭開闢了向前邁進的通路。</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這種不穩定很可能導致在</span><span lang="FR-CA">2022</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年之前將舉行第二次大選。民調已經顯示,工黨這一次會勝出。這將會是在發逹資本主義社會,自</span><span lang="FR-CA">1936</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年法國的人民陣線政府以來的首個激進左翼的政府。在</span><span lang="FR-CA">1945—51</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年阿特勒(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Clement Attlee</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的工黨政府,推行了</span><span lang="FR-CA">20</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">世紀最偉大的進步改革的計畫,但其成員在邱吉爾領導的戰時聯盟效力期間,已被教育成為英國帝國主義值得信賴的管理者。而這次這個政府將由柯賓和約翰‧麥克唐納領導,他們從事了一個世代的鬥爭:從最初對付撒切爾主義到後來在議事席面對布萊爾主義、和參與大大小小的運動,並且自</span><span lang="FR-CA">2010</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年開始走在反緊縮運動的前沿。</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這個賭注不能再高了。如果柯賓和約翰‧麥克唐納上任,他們將會面對的通常敵人(每一個改良主義政府都會面對的):內部是公務員和情報機關,外部則是金融市場和財團媒體。不止如此,他們及其支持者還要面對很多威脅。自從柯賓不到兩年前在黨魁角逐中獲勝之後,工黨內存在著兩重權力:領導人和他的群眾基礎,以及工黨議會黨團和由新工黨殘餘分子控制的官方機器。後者對前者不斷進行搗亂、騷擾和阻撓。柯賓在大選取得的成就,或是決定性地轉移了權力的平衡。依據社會民主派政黨成功的最終標準,他已經做到了(雖然仍未是一個工黨政府),自</span><span lang="FR-CA">2001</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年大選以來獲得最大的得票份額和自</span><span lang="FR-CA">2015</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年大選以來增加了</span><span lang="FR-CA">9.5</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">百分點。<sup><a href="#fn27" id="ref27">[27]</a></sup><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR-CA"><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></div>
<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但是工黨的右派不會輕易地消失。布萊爾主義雖然受傷嚴重,但它在議會的支持者、以及全國和地方的工黨官僚的實力,意味著它不會如許多人聲稱的,已經壽終正寢。許多右翼人士願意與柯賓和平共處的跡象,表明了他的成功,但這也可能成為妥協的壓力來源。正是這樣,競選宣言包含了對布萊爾分子和鴿派左派</span><span lang="FR-CA">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">特別是對三叉戟核計畫(</span><span lang="FR">Trident nuclear
programme</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的承諾、支持北約、放棄歐洲勞工的自由流動</span><span lang="FR-CA">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的讓步。而且要面對新工黨分子動聽言辭的誘惑,例如布萊爾派中堅分子坎貝爾(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Alastair Campbell</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)選舉後在</span><span lang="FR">BBC</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">政論</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">節目「質詢時間」(</span><i><span lang="FR">Question Time</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)裡,呼籲工黨向中間立場靠攏將會在選舉變得越來越強。柯賓主義或在</span><st1:chsdate day="8" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="6" w:st="on" year="2017"><span lang="FR-CA">6</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="FR-CA">8</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">創造了奇蹟,但它並沒有廢止選舉政治的邏輯。<sup><a href="#fn28" id="ref28">[28]</a></sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR-CA"><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></div>
<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但是,柯賓拒絕遵循慣常看法的建議來對他的內外敵人扭轉形勢,而是發揮他的專長</span><span lang="FR-CA">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">動員群眾來支持左翼政策。他需要繼續這個進程。這意味著避免參與由政治光譜不同位置的海格(</span><span lang="FR-CA">William Hague</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)〔<i>譯按:港譯夏偉林,前保守黨黨魁和前外交大臣</i>〕到梅森(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Paul Mason</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)〔<i>譯按:立場偏左的傳媒人</i>〕提出的「脫歐跨黨委員會」,其禍患將會模糊柯賓在選舉中提出清晰的替代方案,並且對未來工黨政府造成束縛。再者,由</span><span lang="FR-CA">DUP</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">支持的梅伊第二屆政府,將會是英國自戰後以來最反動的政府。然而,它也是弱勢和不正當的。在選舉之後,開始要求梅伊辭職必須繼續下去和擴大規模。這裡必須通過街頭和職場的群眾行動,來動員工黨的黨員以及超越這個範圍,以迫使梅伊下台。</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這個運動的目標是要迫使梅伊下台。在邏輯上,要完成這項工作和將柯賓帶到唐寧街</span><span lang="FR-CA">10</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">號,意味著要求進行第二次大選。但他越接近首相一職,他將越多地面對議會之外的國家和資本的權力。希臘</span><span lang="FR-CA">Syriza</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">政府的教訓為,只有議會外的左翼群眾運動才能擊敗這些力量</span><span lang="FR-CA">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">革命社會主義者在這個運動可以發揮重要作用。選舉最重要的結果是為這一運動奠定基礎。無論在柯賓領導下工黨的命運如何,我們正在參與英國激進左翼的復興和擴展,其影響將會在未來幾年內感受得到。</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">艾力克斯‧柯林尼可斯(</span></i><i><span lang="FR-CA">Alex Callinicos</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),倫敦國王學院的歐洲研究教授,亦是國際社會主義(</span></i><i><span lang="FR-CA">International Socialism</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)季刊的編輯。</span></i><i><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b>註腳</b></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 12pt;"><sup id="fn1">[1]</sup></span>.<a href="#ref1" id="#fn1=">↩</a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">見 </span><span lang="FR">Callinicos,
<st1:chmetcnv hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" sourcevalue="2015" tcsc="0" unitname="a" w:st="on">2015a</st1:chmetcnv> and 2015b.</span>
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<sup id="fn2">[2].<a href="#ref2" id="#fn2=">↩</a></sup><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">由選舉產生而揭示慣常看法的許多</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">問題之一:</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">由保守黨</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">–</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">自由民主黨的聯合政府提出的主要憲制改革《</span><span lang="EN-GB">2011</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">固</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">定任期</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">國</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">會法》</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">(</span><span lang="EN-GB">Fixed-Term
Parliaments Act 2011</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">),並沒有達到法案的</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">原意,即</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">奪走首相提前舉行大選的權力。因為假如反對黨派在議會以三分之二多數不通過首相提前大選的動議,在這種情況下,反對黨派唯恐</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">被指責為阻礙提前大選,這反而成為願意與政府合作的誘因。</span></div>
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<sup id="fn3">[3].<a href="#ref3" id="#fn3=">↩</a></sup>Davis, 2016.</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<sup id="fn4">[4].<a href="#ref4" id="#fn4=">↩</a></sup><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">關於美國的情況,見</span><span lang="FR">Callinicos, 2017, pp4-14.</span></div>
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<sup id="fn5">[5].<a href="#ref5" id="#fn5=">↩</a></sup>Runciman, 2017.</div>
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<sup id="fn6">[6].<a href="#ref6" id="#fn6=">↩</a></sup>Ganesh, 2017.</div>
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<sup id="fn7">[7].<a href="#ref7" id="#fn7=">↩</a></sup>Ford and Goodewin, 2014.</div>
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<sup id="fn8">[8].<a href="#ref8" id="#fn8=">↩</a></sup>Moore, 2016.</div>
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<sup id="fn9">[9].<a href="#ref9" id="#fn9=">↩</a></sup>Curtice, 2017.</div>
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<sup id="fn10">[10].<a href="#ref10" id="#fn10=">↩</a></sup>Emmott, 2017.</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<sup id="fn11">[11].<a href="#ref11" id="#fn11=">↩</a></sup>Robert, Marcus,2017.</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<sup id="fn12">[12].<a href="#ref12" id="#fn12=">↩</a></sup>Wheatley,2017.</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<sup id="fn13">[13].<a href="#ref13" id="#fn13=">↩</a></sup>Wheatley,2017.</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<sup id="fn14">[14].<a href="#ref14" id="#fn14=">↩</a></sup>Toynbee, 2017.</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<sup id="fn15">[15].<a href="#ref15" id="#fn15=">↩</a></sup>Curtis,2017.</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<sup id="fn16">[16].<a href="#ref16" id="#fn16=">↩</a></sup>Khan,2017.</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<sup id="fn17">[17].<a href="#ref17" id="#fn17=">↩</a></sup>Goodwin, 2017.</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<sup id="fn18">[18].<a href="#ref18" id="#fn18=">↩</a></sup>Phillips and Webber, 2014.</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<sup id="fn19">[19].<a href="#ref19" id="#fn19=">↩</a></sup><a href="https://twitter.com/FraserNelson/status/875095316235788288">https://twitter.com/FraserNelson/status/875095316235788288</a></div>
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<sup id="fn20">[20].<a href="#ref20" id="#fn20=">↩</a></sup>Taylor,
1970, p269.</div>
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<sup id="fn21">[21].<a href="#ref21" id="#fn21=">↩</a></sup>BBC
News,2017.</div>
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<sup id="fn22">[22].<a href="#ref22" id="#fn22=">↩</a></sup>Powell,
2017.</div>
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<sup id="fn23">[23].<a href="#ref23" id="#fn23=">↩</a></sup>Giles,2017.</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<sup id="fn24">[24].<a href="#ref24" id="#fn24=">↩</a></sup><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">一位</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">內幕人士就歐盟破壞</span><span lang="FR">Syriza</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">政府的分析,見</span><span lang="FR">Varoufakis, 2017</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<sup id="fn25">[25].<a href="#ref25" id="#fn25=">↩</a></sup><span lang="FR">M</span><span lang="FR-CA">üchau,2017.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<sup id="fn26">[26].<a href="#ref26" id="#fn26=">↩</a></sup><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對於英國資本主義面臨的經濟問題的簡要說明,見</span><span lang="FR">Roberts,Michael,2017.</span></div>
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<sup id="fn27">[27].<a href="#ref27" id="#fn27=">↩</a></sup>Merrick,2017.</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<sup id="fn28">[28].<a href="#ref28" id="#fn28=">↩</a></sup><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">對此經典的分析,見</span><span lang="FR">Cliff and Gluckstein, 1988.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">參考資料</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="FR">BBC News, 2017, “General Election 2017:
Theresa May is ‘Best Placed Person’ for Brexit” (11 June), <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2017-40237819" target="_blank">www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2017-40237819</a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Callinicos,
Alex, <st1:chmetcnv hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" sourcevalue="2015" tcsc="0" unitname="a" w:st="on">2015a</st1:chmetcnv>, “<st1:country-region w:st="on">Britain</st1:country-region> and the Crisis of the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Neoliberal</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">State</st1:placetype></st1:place>”,<i> International Socialism 145</i> (winter), </span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://isj.org.uk/britain-and-the-crisis-of-the-neoliberal-state/" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-GB">http://isj.org.uk/britain-and-the-crisis-of-the-neoliberal-state/</span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">Callinicos, Alex, 2015b, “And Now the British
Question”, <i>International Socialism
147</i> (summer), <a href="http://isj.org.uk/and-now-the-british-question/" target="_blank">http://isj.org.uk/and-now-the-british-question/</a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Callinicos,
Alex, 2017, “The Neoliberal Order Begins to Crack”, <i>International Socialism 154 </i>(spring), </span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://isj.org.uk/the-neoliberal-order-begins-to-crack/" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-GB">http://isj.org.uk/the-neoliberal-order-begins-to-crack/</span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Cliff,
Tony, and Donny Gluckstein, 1988, <i>The
Labour Party: A Marxist History</i> (Bookmarks).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Curtice,
John, 2017, “Theresa May Failed to Win a Majority Because She Grossly
Misunderstood the ‘Will of the People’”, Independent (9 June), </span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://tinyurl.com/ybsucqyj" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-GB">http://tinyurl.com/ybsucqyj</span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Curtis,
Chris, 2017, “How <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Britain</st1:place></st1:country-region>
Voted at the 2017 General Election”, YouGov (13 June), <a href="https://yougov.co.uk/news/2017/06/13/how-britain-voted-2017-general-election">https://yougov.co.uk/news/2017/06/13/how-britain-voted-2017-general-election</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Davies,
Will, 2016, “Home Office Rules”, <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><i>London</i></st1:place></st1:city><i> Review of Books</i> (3
November), </span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v38/n21/william-davies/home-office-rules" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-GB">www.lrb.co.uk/v38/n21/william-davies/home-office-rules</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Emmott,
Bill, 2017, “The Tories’ Brexit Centrepiece is an Election Campaign
Mistake”, <i>Financial Times </i>(7
June), <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR"><a href="http://www.ft.com/content/5e2035c0-49e0-11e7-a3f4-c742b9791d43" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-GB">www.ft.com/content/5e2035c0-49e0-11e7-a3f4-c742b9791d43</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Ford,
Robert, and Matthew Goodwin, 2014, <i>Revolt
on the Right: Explaining Support for the Radical Right in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Britain</st1:place></st1:country-region></i> (Routledge).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR">Ganesh, Janan, 2017, “Playing for Time will
Benefit the Country and the Conservatives”,<i>Financial
Times</i> (12 June), </span></div>
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<span lang="FR"><a href="http://www.ft.com/content/19ad8aa4-4f4f-11e7-a1f2-db19572361bb" target="_blank">www.ft.com/content/19ad8aa4-4f4f-11e7-a1f2-db19572361bb</a></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Giles,
Chris, 2017, “Business Calls for Softer Brexit in Aftermath of Election”, <i>Financial Times</i> (12 June), <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR"><a href="http://www.ft.com/content/c07e418c-4eac-11e7-bfb8-997009366969" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-GB">www.ft.com/content/c07e418c-4eac-11e7-bfb8-997009366969</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Goodwin,
Matthew, 2017, “Revenge of the Young, Urban Remainers” Politico (10
June), </span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://www.politico.eu/article/revenge-of-the-young-urban-remainers/" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-GB">www.politico.eu/article/revenge-of-the-young-urban-remainers/</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">Khan, Meera, 2017, “The UK’s Disappearing Wage
Growth”, <i>Financial Times</i> (14
June), <a href="http://www.ft.com/content/80e064dd-ff00-3756-9db8-07bf12449e98" target="_blank">www.ft.com/content/80e064dd-ff00-3756-9db8-07bf12449e98</a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Merrick,
Rob, 2017, “Jeremy Corbyn Strengthens His Grip on the Labour Party as Harshest
Critics Change Their Tune”, <i>Independent</i> (9
June), <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR"><a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/r-a7782766.html" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-GB">www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/r-a7782766.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Moore,
Peter, 2016, “How <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Britain</st1:place></st1:country-region>
Voted” YouGov (27 June), <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR"><a href="https://yougov.co.uk/news/2016/06/27/how-britain-voted/" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-GB">https://yougov.co.uk/news/2016/06/27/how-britain-voted/</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">Münchau, Wolfgang, 2017, “Do Not Exaggerate
the Effect the Election Will Have on Brexit”, <i>Financial Times</i> (11 June), </span></div>
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<span lang="FR"><a href="http://www.ft.com/content/524127e6-4d2d-11e7-919a-1e14ce4af89b" target="_blank">www.ft.com/content/524127e6-4d2d-11e7-919a-1e14ce4af89b</a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Phillips,
Trevor, and Richard Webber, 2014, “Labour’s New Majority”, <i>Demos Quarterly</i>, issue 3 (18
July), </span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://quarterly.demos.co.uk/article/issue-3/537/" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-GB">http://quarterly.demos.co.uk/article/issue-3/537/</span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">Powell, Jonathan, 2017, “Any Deal with the DUP
has Serious Implications” <i>Financial
Times </i>(11 June), <a href="http://www.ft.com/content/292e085a-4d33-11e7-a3f4-c742b9791d43" target="_blank">www.ft.com/content/292e085a-4d33-11e7-a3f4-c742b9791d43</a></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Roberts,
Marcus, 2017, “The Rise of the ‘Re-Leavers’ Points Towards a Conservative
Landslide”, <i>Financial Times</i> (13
May), <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR"><a href="http://www.ft.com/content/76037a34-36ef-11e7-99bd-13beb0903fa3" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-GB">www.ft.com/content/76037a34-36ef-11e7-99bd-13beb0903fa3</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">Roberts, Michael, 2017, “UK Election: British
Capital in Disarray” (9 June), </span></div>
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<span lang="FR"><a href="https://thenextrecession.wordpress.com/2017/06/09/uk-election-british-capital-in-disarray/" target="_blank">https://thenextrecession.wordpress.com/2017/06/09/uk-election-british-capital-in-disarray/</a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Runciman,
David, 2017, “Do Your Homework”, <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><i>London</i></st1:place></st1:city><i> Review of Books</i> (16 March), </span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v39/n06/david-runciman/do-your-homework" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-GB">www.lrb.co.uk/v39/n06/david-runciman/do-your-homework</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Taylor, A J
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<span lang="FR">Toynbee, Polly, 2017, “Never Mind Who Leaked
It, This Labour Manifesto is a Cornucopia of Delights”, <i>Guardian </i>(11 May), <a href="http://tinyurl.com/ydarw84y" target="_blank">http://tinyurl.com/ydarw84y</a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Varoufakis,
Yanis, 2017, <i>Adults in the Room: My
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<span lang="EN-GB">Wheatley,
Jonathan, 2017, “The Polarisation of Party Supporters since 2015 and the
Problem of the ‘Empty Centre’” (6 June), </span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://tinyurl.com/y8ctbjoo" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-GB">http://tinyurl.com/y8ctbjoo</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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驛站http://www.blogger.com/profile/11378808425722503912noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-361642193953372193.post-69539533050007102112017-07-18T13:17:00.005+02:002017-09-07T19:51:01.179+02:00維克托‧塞爾日(Victor Serge)——一位不受馴服的革命家<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">帕齊斯(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Georg Paizis</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span> <span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">宋治德</span>
<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">譯</span><b><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">【譯者前言】</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">維克托‧塞爾日(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Victor Serge</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="FR-CA">1890</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—</span><span lang="FR-CA">1947</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),一位充滿傳奇色彩的比利時無政府主義革命家和作家。他一生矢志不移地捍衛俄國十月布爾什維克革命的傳統和為反對法西斯主義、斯大林主義而作不懈的鬥爭。他</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">是</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">托洛茨基的戰友(雖然彼此有一定分歧),也結識了不少國際社會主義的革命家、理</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">論家和作家</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,要特別提的是他於</span><span lang="FR-CA">1923</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">年在德國革命失敗後,在維也納流亡期間認識了盧卡奇、葛蘭西和越飛(托洛茨基的忠實戰友,即《孫文越飛聯合宣言》的促成者之一)。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">塞爾日用法語寫作,著作等身,直至塞奇維克(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Peter Sedgwick</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)翻譯他的</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">《一位革命者的回憶》(</span><i><span lang="FR-CA">Memoirs
of a Revolutionary</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">)並於</span><span lang="FR-CA">1963</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">年出版後,他才更加受到英語世界的左翼所重視和產生持久的影響力,他的其他作品才陸續被翻譯成英文。塞奇維克</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">的英譯本對原著做了不少刪節(因為當時出版社的要求),他於</span><span lang="FR-CA">1983</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">年去世。</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">本文作者</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">帕齊斯(</span><span lang="FR-CA">George Paizis</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">),後來在原譯本的基礎上補譯被刪節的部份,而成就了現在完整的英譯版本。</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">塞爾日作品的中文翻譯,更是鳳毛麟角。塞爾日</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">非常關心中國</span><span lang="FR-CA">1927</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">年的革命,雖然他未曾到過中國,但他根據去過中國的朋友的見聞和其他相關的訊息、報導,寫了不少分析當時中國革命的文章。他敏銳地指出</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">斯大林控制的共產國際(第三國際),命令中國共產黨加入國民黨的階級聯盟的錯誤和危險,這亦影響了托洛茨基對於中國革命的分析。由於他強烈批評斯大林對中國的政策,成為他被逐出蘇聯共產黨的主要原因之一(另一個主要原因如本文所述的他加入托洛茨基的左翼反對派〔</span><span lang="FR-CA">Left Opposition</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">,過去譯為「左派反對派」</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">〕)。中國托派領袖之一鄭超麟於</span><span lang="FR-CA">1930</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">年代,翻譯和出版塞爾日的作品名為《俄羅斯革命逸史》(不確定譯自塞爾日哪本著作或文章),其後沒有再版,恐怕現在已難找到。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">本文涉及《一位革命者的回憶》的引文,譯者參考了法文原著而有所潤飾。文章</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">原載於《社會主義評論》(</span><i><span lang="FR-CA">Socialist Review</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR-CA">2012</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年七、八月號</span><span lang="FR-CA"><a href="http://socialistreview.org.uk/371/victor-serge-untamed-revolutionary">371<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">期</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-family: "pmingliu";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">維克托‧塞爾日(Victor Serge)</td></tr>
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<b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">【編按】維克托‧塞爾日(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Victor Serge</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)是一位響應</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">俄國十月革命和布爾什維克主義感召的無政府主義者。他後來為了保持真正的革命傳統,與斯大林主義和法西斯主義作鬥爭。這裡帕齊斯(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Georg Paizis</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)回顧塞爾日不平凡的一生及其在今天為我們提供的教訓。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">維克托‧塞爾日(</span><span lang="FR-CA">1880—1947</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)是一位上世紀最重要的革命作家之一。當他去世時,留下了大量的著作、文章、小說和詩歌,這些是對他將近</span><span lang="FR-CA">50</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">年的活動和所參與過的社會主義運動的重要時刻的回應。然而,直到</span><span lang="FR-CA">1963</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">年出版了塞奇維克(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Peter Sedgwick</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)翻譯他的《一位革命者的回憶》(</span><i><span lang="FR-CA">Memoirs of a Revolutionary</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)之前,他在很大程度上被英國的左翼忽略了。現在,他的一個新的、終於未經刪節的回憶錄版本問世,提供機會向新一代的社會主義者介紹塞爾日,以檢視他著作的適切性。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">《一位革命者的回憶》(<i style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;">Memoirs of a Revolutionary</i>)英譯新版</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">塞爾日時常是一位局外人〔<i>譯按:指「邦諾幫」的活動時期,見下述</i>〕。他生於比利時,是一個反沙俄的窮困流亡者的兒子。他從</span><span lang="FR-CA">15</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">歲起便自立生活,拒絕接受任何正規教育,成為印刷工人。他花了兩年時間在法國南部森林的無政府主義者聚居地生活,那裡他認識了一些當代恐怖分子和理論家的菁英。他在巴黎是報紙《無政府主義》(</span><i><span lang="FR-CA">L’Anarchie</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)的編輯,筆名是</span><i><span lang="FR-CA">le Rétif</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,即難應付、倔強的意思。但他對他的許多同志的自我毁滅、孤立傾向——如「非法主義者」——提出批評,他形容他們深受集體自</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">殺</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的願望之苦。然而,他在</span><span lang="FR-CA">1912</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年因為與「邦諾幫」(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Bonnot Gang</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)〔<i>譯按:</i></span><i><span lang="FR-CA">20</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">世紀初,法國一個無政府主義的持械行</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">刧銀行的組織</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〕——一群非法主義者與挑</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">戰</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">強大的法國國家——的恐怖主義</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">活動有關而</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">被</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">判</span><span lang="FR-CA">5</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年苦役。事實上,塞爾日只是拒絕向警方供出資料而被定罪。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">當他於</span><span lang="FR-CA">1917</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年出獄後,參加了在巴塞隆納失敗的工人起義。他逃回法國,因為被懷疑為布爾什維克</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">嫌疑分子而被拘留一年,之後才被允許離開而前往革命的俄羅斯。他於</span><span lang="FR-CA">1919</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">年抵達,加入布爾什維克和參加彼得格勒面對反革命軍隊包圍的保衛戰。這是他著名小說《被征服的城市》(</span><i><span lang="FR-CA">Conquered City</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)和論文集《革命面臨危險》(</span><i><span lang="FR-CA">Revolution in Danger</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)的主題。他為第三國際從事刊物出版工作和翻譯服務,與俄羅斯和國際工人運動的所有主要領導人一同協作。他提供對列寧、托洛茨基、季洛維也夫、也有他在街壘和激烈的鬥爭之中遇過的戰鬥者的清晰描繪。他也是在布爾什維克黨員與俄羅斯和國際的無政府主義者之間的中間人,也經常代表異見人士(尤其那些開罪了秘密警察契卡〔<i>譯按:<span lang="FR-CA">1917</span>—<span lang="FR-CA">1922</span>的肅反委員會</i>〕)向蘇維埃當局說項。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「在</span><span lang="FR-CA">1921</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年這個夏天,我與國外同志之間形成了持久的、甚至是終身的友誼……我被那些具自由意志、由想望激發去為革命服務而不會視若無睹的人們所吸引。當一個「</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">官方真理」正在抬頭,這在我看來是所能想像的最可怕的事情。」〔</span><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">譯按:《一位革命者的回憶》,第</span></i><i><span lang="FR-CA">166</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁。以下該書引文只標示頁數。</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">〕<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">他在嘗試成立農村公社失敗後,國際〔<i>譯按:以下皆稱「共產國際」</i>〕派他去德國,</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">他在那裡目睹德國共產黨(</span><span lang="FR-CA">KPD</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)和共產國際為此而準備</span><span lang="FR-CA">1923</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">年的起義及其失敗,這時期塞爾日的文章,收錄在《德國革命的見證》(</span><i><span lang="FR-CA">Witness to the German
Revolution</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)一書,其描述了經濟危機對工人及其家庭的影響——出了名的日常超高的通貨膨脹和貧困造成大眾的生存問題。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">歷史契機<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">塞爾日見證了當改良主義政黨的權力減弱時而變得更容易叛賣,法西斯主義興起和德國共產黨未能把握歷史提供的機遇而造成政治兩極分化。當德國共產黨</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">號召總罷工時,工人的回應是茫然不解。誰要為這個重大的挫敗負責?塞爾日顯示了他的批判性洞察:共產國際過於官僚和自上而下的特徵,結果令它不能與工人階級產生聯繫。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">隨著德國革命的失敗和列寧的去世,俄羅斯共產黨的官僚攫取了對黨的控制權,老布爾什維克同志為此抵抗而鬥爭。無實權的、且成為被詆譭對象的反對派領導人,便是托洛茨基。塞爾日離開維也納,迅速加入為了革命的靈魂所作的鬥爭。不要說是反對,討論也被扼殺了。投票成了例行公事,並且被新成立的大多數——因「列寧徵召」(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Lenin levy</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">)而新招募的、一切從屬於黨機器的</span><span lang="FR-CA">25</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">萬黨員〔</span><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">譯按:斯大林在</span><span lang="FR-CA">1924</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">年初列寧去世不久所推出的黨員招募運動的名稱</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">〕——強行通過。有些詩人、戰鬥的工人和知識分子在絕望中自戕了。鎮壓的另一面便是腐敗。到了</span><span lang="FR-CA">1927</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">年冬天,左翼反對派人士(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Left Oppositionists</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">)被逐出了共產黨,他們</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">面臨的困境:要麼在體制外繼續抗爭(<i>譯按:但起到的作用有限</i>)</span>,要麼為了返回體制內而投降<span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">。</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CA">1928</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">年,塞爾日被監禁,後來獲釋了。他的家人受到迫害,他的朋友從工作崗位被開除而不能謀生或得到任何救濟。這正是在「五年計畫」期間,政府開展了一項大規模工業化和剝奪小農土地的計畫:「在世界經濟危機的高峰期,</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">為了建立黃金儲備,食物以最低價格出口,整個俄羅斯的人在挨餓。</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">〔</span><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">譯按:第</span></i><i><span lang="FR-CA">293</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">〕」為了實現計畫付出人命的犧牲和代價,意味著暴力和鎮壓的程度會繼續加強,異見被消滅。作為反對派是一個沒有中間道路的個人事情——要麼認錯而放棄原本政治信念,要麼被逼迫殘害。為了形容這段官僚權力的瘋狂時期,他創造了「極權主義」</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 12pt;">(</span><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size: 12pt;">totalitarianism</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 12pt;">)</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">一詞〔</span><i>譯按:根據美國研究塞爾日的專家魏斯買(Susan Weissman)《塞爾日傳記》(Victor Serge :A Biography)當中的考證,認為塞爾日是第一個用「極權主義」形容斯大林統治體制的人</i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">〕。</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">瀕臨死亡的經歷<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">他當時瀕臨死亡的經歷改變了塞爾日的生命軌跡。直到那時,他的人生和寫作都是由歷史的要求決定的,但他認為他所寫的這些令人難忘的時代沒有任何持久的藝術價值。「如果我有機會生存下去,我必須盡速完成這些我已開始寫作的書:我必須寫作、寫作……我想到了我會寫什麼,腦海裡勾勒出關於這些令人難忘時代的一系列紀實小說(</span><span lang="FR-CA">documentary novels</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">)的計畫。」因為歷史和新聞工作的著作存在局限性,所以採用「紀實小說」。這個寫作的目的,將是「作為一種表達大多數人難以表達其內心世界的方式,作為一種思想感情交流的方式,作為一種對我們身邊流逝的廣泛的</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">生活而</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">必須嘗試確定其重要方面的方式,以便後來者據此而獲益</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">」</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">〔</span><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">譯按:第</span></i><i><span lang="FR-CA">303</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">〕。這只能通過文學作品來實現,其形式取決於它所處的條件:「我必須以單獨的片段來構築它們,其可以分開地來完成和儘快送出國外,如果是絕對需要,它們可以按原樣——不完整的——出版」〔</span><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">譯按:第</span></i><i><span lang="FR-CA">305</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">〕。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">塞爾日為了維生,從事翻譯工作,並將他的稿件送出國外。</span><span lang="FR-CA">1933</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">他與他兒子被流放到哈薩克的奧倫堡(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Orenburg</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)的勞改營。他形容這段流放的歲月是處於饑餓、寫作、與俄羅斯的家人及歐洲的朋友隔離的日子。儘管警察干涉他的郵件往來,手稿仍被送到國外的朋友手中並為他贏得聲望,使到他朋友發起爭取釋放他的行動成為可能</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 12pt;">〔</span><i>譯按:其中對他最大幫助的是法國作家羅曼.羅蘭(Romain Rolland)</i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">〕</span></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">。他們最後在</span><span lang="FR-CA">1936</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年春天成功離開而到了法國〔<i>譯按:塞爾日只能帶妻兒</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">逃離斯大林魔掌,但他的胞妹和大部分親屬都死於勞改營或監獄</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〕。兇殘的莫斯科大審判就在該年夏天開始。假如他當時還在蘇聯,他將遭</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">滅頂之災。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">隨後的十年,法西斯主義黨徒在德國和意大利掌權、和斯大林主義</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">宰制了左派的情況下,他形容為「世紀的午夜」(</span><span lang="FR-CA">the midnight of the century</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)。他們向警方(<i>譯按:法國和比利時</i>)散佈對塞爾日的謠言和指控。他受到社會民主派人士的杯葛,不可能靠寫作謀生,所以他轉而做校對工作。他在俄羅斯的朋友和家人被失蹤了;歐洲的同志也遭到斯大林分子的特工暗殺。托洛茨基中了在身邊潛伏的蘇聯特工的離間計,而與他斷絕了政治和個人的關係。他對莫斯科大審判表達了抗議之後,他的蘇聯護照被註銷而成為無國籍人士。另一個重大事件為西班牙內戰,斯大林分子對其革命進程的絞殺。塞爾日的摯友,馬克思主義統一工人黨(</span><span lang="FR-CA">POUM</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)〔<i>譯按:西班牙內戰中反法西斯佛朗哥和斯大林主義的親托洛茨基的革命武裝組織</i>〕的領袖安德魯‧寧(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Andreu Nin</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)被殺害了。對這椿案件偵查的警察總長被迫辭職,而要開啟調查的法官也不得不離開。「在牢裡的革命者,遭到綁架、暗殺或被斯大林行刑隊槍決的受害者,他們所有人都無止盡地被譴責為「佛朗哥–希特勒–墨索里尼的托洛茨基分子、間諜、特工,人民的敵人」〔</span><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">譯按:第</span></i><i><span lang="FR-CA">393</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">〕。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">當</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">戰爭來臨時,塞爾日向法國南部逃走,在途中拒絕了許多富有的左派知識分子的幫助或收容,如許多歐洲知識分子一樣,最後到達馬賽。在得到幫忙下,他獲得許可登上開往美洲的輪船,但是難找到一個願意收留他的國家,他與兒子維拉迪(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Vlady</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)直到最後成功在墨西哥定居。他在</span><span lang="FR-CA">1940</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年托洛茨基被暗殺幾個月後抵達墨西哥,說:「這正是老人離開的時</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">刻</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">,也是對於工人階級最黑暗的時</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">刻,正如他們過去看到他</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">具有的如斯崇高影響的最激昂的時刻」〔</span><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">譯按:第</span></i><i><span lang="FR-CA">427</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁。引文與英譯本略有差異,已依據該譯本和法文原文作了更正</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">〕。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">他與托洛茨基遺孀〔<i>譯按:</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">娜塔莉婭‧謝多娃(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Natalia
Sedova</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">)</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〕保持友誼,並合撰了《托洛茨基的生與死》(</span><i><span lang="FR-CA">The Life and Death of Leon
Trotsky</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)一書。在墨西哥,他用了生命的最後幾年,寫了他的</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《一位革命者的回憶》、以及一些文章和他最著名的小說《圖拉耶夫同志的案件》(</span><i><span lang="FR-CA">The Case of Comrade Tulayev</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。這本小說大致依據基洛夫(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Sergei
Kirov</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)被殺一案寫成。他以分散而又全景的敘事,探討國家機器如何利用一名蘇維埃政治人物的被</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">殺,而同時借此來清除異己作為解決自己內部的衝突。小說結尾,以那些對於未來抱有一種虛假安全感的上層官僚,對比被壓抑著而傳出隆隆憤怨之聲的下層工人。<span lang="FR-CA" style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">塞爾日在貧困中去世時,腳上穿著的是破洞的鞋子。「我很早便從俄國的知識分子那裡學到,人生的唯一意義,在於自覺地參與歷史的創造。我越思考這點,它似乎越成為深刻的真理。據此,人們必須積極地反對任何貶損人的事情,並為了自身的解放和發展而投入一切的鬥爭」</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">〔</span><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">譯按:第</span></i><i><span lang="FR-CA">439</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">〕。<span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="FR-CA">1963</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">年出版的《一位革命者的回憶》英譯本,由</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">塞奇維克(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Peter Sedgwick</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)翻譯,</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">帕齊斯(</span><span lang="FR-CA">George Paizis</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">)後來幫助翻譯和出版了最為完整的英譯本。本書</span><span lang="FR-CA"><a href="https://bookmarksbookshop.co.uk/view/31799/Memoirs+of+a+Revolutionary+%2528New+York+Review+Books+Classics%2529"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">新版</span></span></a></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">現於書籤(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Bookmarks</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">)書店有</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">售。</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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驛站http://www.blogger.com/profile/11378808425722503912noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-361642193953372193.post-4822293556988017252017-07-01T03:50:00.000+02:002020-09-11T00:56:09.289+02:00保衛共產主義:清算斯大林主義與官僚主義的責任——懷念法國一代傑出馬克思主義哲學家本薩依德(Daniel Bensäid)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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卡特琳娜‧莎瑪莉(Catherine Samary) 雨木 譯 宋治德 校</div>
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<i>校按:丹尼爾‧本薩依德(Daniel Bensaïd,1946—2010)(中國或譯為:本賽德),法國當代著名馬克思主義哲學家,1968年學運代表人物,法國重要托派組織「革命共產主義者同盟」(Ligue Communiste Révolutionnaire,LCR)領導人,在他逝世前兩年,LCR解散而成立跨激進左派的「新反資本主義黨」(Nouveau Parti Anticapitaliste)。本文原為作者在某個紀念本蕯依德研討會上的報告,後來收錄在紀念本薩依德的文集《不是時候》(l’intempestif),原文連結可見《本薩依德文庫網址》(<a href="http://danielbensaid.org/En-defense-du-communisme,907?lang=fr">Le Site Daniel Bensäid</a>)。本譯文來自一位中國朋友,要求代為校閱,譯文副標題為校者所加。</i><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: small;">丹尼爾‧本薩依德(Daniel Bensaïd,1946—2010)</span></td></tr>
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丹尼爾(<i>校按:作者對本薩依德的暱稱</i>)在他生前最後作品之一〈共產主義的力量〉(Puissances du communisme)中,強調:「爭取解放的話語從上世紀的折磨裡無可避免受到損害」。「然而」,他補充道:「在昨日所有背負偉大承諾和理想的話語中(社會主義、革命、無政府主義……),唯有共產主義承受了最大的傷害,因為它被困於官僚國家之中並受其極權方式的奴役。」<sup><a href="#fn1" id="ref1">[1]</a></sup></div>
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丹尼爾處理這份遺產,概述了方法論的(這也是我首先要強調的)兩個面向:第一,把共產主義視為一個平等主義的運動,而並非對一個社會性質的界定;第二,承擔歷史的「清算責任」。然後我們將會看到,以這兩個面向的相互作用的取徑而針對歷史中共產主義出現的斯大林主義和官僚主義的兩種型態,我們便將它們一併扣連起來而作出解釋。<sup><a href="#fn2" id="ref2">[2]</a></sup>
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<b>兩種取徑在方法論上的張力</b><br />
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<b>共產主義,並不是一種對社會性質的界定,而是一種追求平等的起義</b>。丹尼爾面對共產主義在歷史經驗中失去了信譽這種時代氛圍下而作出抵抗,他在《幽靈的微笑》(<i>Le Sourire du spectre</i> )一書中斷言:「即使這些話語多麼糟糕而令我們必須創造新的說法,但我們由始至終都是共產主義者……這一切一切,簡單來說,因為共產主義仍舊是抵抗與起義的『隱語』,作為對這樣一個社會的替代出路:處在頑固的物化力量與不能倒退的平等主義原則兩者之間的角力而所撕裂的狀態。」<sup><a href="#fn3" id="ref3">[3]</a></sup><br />
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而這就是用以闡釋他保衛共產主義方法的第一點:共產主義「既不是純粹的理念,也非教條主義的社會模式……它是一場運動的名稱,其對社會固有秩序的持久性超越與摒棄」<sup> <a href="#fn4" id="ref4">[4]</a></sup>,這場運動在《共產黨宣言》中所指稱的那個「聯合體」得到啟發,「在那裡,每個人的自由發展是一切人的自由發展的條件」。<br />
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我們要注意丹尼爾完全拒斥「教條主義模式」的社會,因此他不可能囿於所謂「經典」的課本教材中那種對共產主義的「定義」。這些定義所表述的共產主義,假設一個在資源極大豐富的條件下,依據一種分配「原則」——各盡所能、各取所需——來調節社會;它亦被假定為超越「社會主義」的階段:即是「向共產主義過渡」的、遵從「按勞分配」原則的後資本主義階段。恩格斯在他那個時代,已開始竭力反對這種公式的教條主義傾向的濫用。然而,有三個因素令到這種階段劃分顯得過時:第一,生態環保意識的覺醒而認為資源是有限的。第二,在滿足下層民眾需要的要求下,階級鬥爭不會順從「階段論」的約束。最後,是來自20世紀的革命經驗的教訓:在1920年代蘇聯的大辯論中,有關蘇聯在緊接資本主義之後「向社會主義過渡」的社會,它是否已經「過了頭」或「尚未」階段的爭論;除此之外,還要歸功於斯大林主義,它將共產主義從歷史起初到終極的發展都是不可避免的這個看法,定於一尊。<sup><a href="#fn5" id="ref5">[5]</a></sup><br />
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從研究的取徑來看,丹尼爾在任何情況下都要遠離「階段論」的解釋。共產主義作為一場反對所有壓制「平等原則」的運動,或者也能同時成為現實和沒有終止的,更重要的是成為了一個社會要達致的目標……然而,正是這樣一種方法包含了反歷史的抽象危險,它繞過了對共產主義運動的倒退和失敗的批判分析。<br />
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<b>歷史的清算要求</b>。丹尼爾在他與阿蘭‧巴迪歐(Alain Badiou)的辯論裡,質問道:「其中一個重要的問題,究竟官僚專制主義是十月革命的正當延續,還是官僚反革命的結果」。<sup> <a href="#fn6" id="ref6">[6]</a></sup> 他提出要抗拒「一種逃避歷史批判的清算的誘惑」。<br />
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據此,這就是方法論的第二個要求,欠缺這一要求,共產主義的理念便會被化約為「一些與時間無關的不變項」(invariants atemporels),或是「關於正義和解放的含糊不清理念的同義詞」。但他又補充到,表達了這種有趣的張力:「話語獲得在哲學或倫理學上的延伸意義,又會喪失它政治方面的精確性」。丹尼爾為解決這個難題,通過將共產主義確認為「在資本主義時代的一種特定解放形式」的要求。我會在結論裡展示,將這種論述進行擴展和加強、而不失去它的連貫性是有可能做到的。首先,讓我們看看丹尼爾回顧這些歷史經驗如何使「歷史唯物主義」蛻變,接著是如何與巴迪歐對於斯大林主義和官僚主義的現象所做的評論劃清界線。<br />
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<b>思考歷史中的共產主義:從科學社會主義到異端思想</b><br />
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作為現實運動的共產主義,顯然要與馬克思恩格斯作為對「空想社會主義」批判的「科學社會主義」聯繫起來:明確反對小部分人所策劃的脫離大規模群眾運動的反社會行動,而強調創造性和從無產階級大規模鬥爭的「共產主義學校」中學習,還有在資本主義經濟體系的危機中踏出與資本主義決裂的可能性的一步。但在蘇聯占據統治地位的「科學的馬克思主義」,尤其在中蘇衝突之後——毛澤東的中國聲稱以斯大林主義來反對抗赫魯曉夫——無異于為蘇聯道路作出辯護。在這種「馬克思主義」之中,為了社會進步發展而要反對的敵人無可抗拒地總是資產階級。<br />
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因此,丹尼爾‧本薩依德的哲學著作的主旋律摻合了歷史「分岔」(bifurcations)的思想,以反對視歷史為線性發展的想法——對托洛茨基主義政治分析的著作《被背叛的革命》,以一個哲學提綱的方式作出說明。這將依賴一些異端思想——從夏爾‧佩吉(Charles Péguy)(<i>校按:法國20世紀初的社會主義詩人和小說家</i>)到本雅明(Walter Benjamin)、當中經過布洛赫(Ernst Bloch)——正如他所說的不是「不顧」、 而是「基於」馬克思主義者的信念而運用他們的思想。<br />
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<b>佩吉和對真理的要求</b>。丹尼爾反對一種帶有必然發展觀的現實偽社會主義的或帶有「歷史意義」的神話。丹尼爾所投身的政治參與,其在分析了托洛茨基《被背叛的革命》的基礎上,與曼德爾共同反對貝特蘭(Bettelheim)(<i>校按:Charles Bettelheim,法國當代馬克思主義經濟學家</i>)的「唯生產力」的宿命論、並且結合葛蘭西的「智力的悲觀主義與意志的樂觀主義」的要求而作出鬥爭。他將另一個夥伴(但較少引述的)也加入了這個思想領域:夏爾‧佩吉。<sup><a href="#fn7" id="ref7">[7]</a></sup>夏爾‧佩吉同樣在尋找「沒有藉口」的真理:「為什麼把歷史置於錯誤的基礎之上?成為社會主義者,要說出真理。」<sup><a href="#fn8" id="ref8">[8]</a></sup>丹尼爾補充道,真理便是「應該知道如何說出沒有美化而會令人難過的話,也不會說出普遍歷史的欺人之談。我們沒有權利將獨特的和不可化約的人的責任,消解在一片歷史意識的油層之中。」相比歷史決定論和無限進步發展的線性概念,丹尼爾在佩吉的著作裡,發現佩吉對歷史的理解向我們「敝開了類同(affinités)和迴響(échos),其跨越了時間,聯繫不同世代,復現逝去的瞬間,以及讓熄滅的星辰重新閃耀。」<sup><a href="#fn9" id="ref9">[9]</a></sup>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">佩吉(<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.8px;">Charles Péguy,1873—1914</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 12.8px;">)</span></td></tr>
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時間回溯,就在於回顧前資本主義時期以宗教啟發的「共產主義」。布洛赫就是這種思想進路。</div>
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<b>布洛赫的希望原則</b>。他以具體的烏托邦思想而充分地嵌入這種歷史的敞開性之中。<sup><a href="#fn10" id="ref10">[10]</a></sup>他並非拒斥那些從馬克思主義立場出發以反對脫離群眾的「烏托邦社會主義」的論戰,而是更充實它。「這或者是否定社會主義屬於 『抽象的烏托邦』的理由,但是具體烏托邦的思想流派在這一過程中已經失去了它的豐富性。」<sup><a href="#fn11" id="ref11">[11]</a></sup>;</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">布洛赫(Ernest Bloch,1880—1959)</td></tr>
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布洛赫區分了「冰冷的」和「熱忱的」馬克思主義兩種傾向。「熱忱的」馬克思主義傾向願意步向一種「由希望原則重構的烏托邦」,丹尼爾認為這種「熱忱的」烏托邦傾向成為將「反抗斯大林的官僚秩序與反駁『社會主義的想像力貧乏』的指控扣連起來」。透過這種連繫與結合而能夠與過去的解放運動(重新)建立關係——特別是宗教啟發的解放運動(佩吉有相近的想法)。從農民戰爭開始,經過英國平等派的革命,而到20世紀的解放神學。<br />
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米歇爾‧洛伊(Michael Löwy)讓人們認識布洛赫的異端馬克思主義而做出了貢獻。<sup><a href="#fn12" id="ref12">[12]</a></sup>布洛赫將最「熱忱」、人道主義願景的馬克思主義,比擬為那些反抗教權而具異端思想的宗教:它們不接受腐化和專制的等級制度,肯定個體的解放(包括,譬如從再洗禮派展示的,成年人在自由且自覺下選擇宗教信仰的要求);同時提出土地是集體共享……在地上建立上帝之城的烏托邦能動員廣大群眾,以反對零碎的、類資產階級或類斯大林主義等等的「烏托邦」。<br />
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但是,在布洛赫的思想中,未來是作為一個主導範疇,即「夢醒的解放力量」。丹尼爾對此敏銳覺察它有重墮「烏托邦社會主義」的風險,因為在這種抽象、邊緣的意識中繼而伴隨失望甚至放棄反對現有秩序的行動。在面對這種風險下而提出「警戒」(sentinelle)政治,作為轉向一種開啟多種可能性的歷史「分岔」說。<br />
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<b>本雅明與或許的聚束(faisceau)</b>……本雅明強調要「駕馭聚束(一組)的『或許』,為讓過去所掩埋的一些特質突然浮現」。這猶如一顆星辰卻從四面八方同時閃爍著,發揮一種同時「復現過去和預示未來的力量」。它「總是能重新發牌和分配角色,以忤逆征服者所書寫的歷史而改變過去的意義。『最後』一詞從未被說出來。」<sup><a href="#fn13" id="ref13">[13]</a></sup>他反對陷入困境的「當下」。</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">本雅明(Walter Benjamin,1892—1940)</td></tr>
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對丹尼爾而言,同樣是這個閃爍的當下,它啟發了今日的農民和原住民在這些生態、社會、國際等等議題的十字路口上的鬥爭,而且吸取了宗教元素的另一個可能的世界運動(反全球化運動)的意識形態發展,嵌入了古老的也同時是現代的時間性。丹尼爾將19世紀的剝削與今日反對跨國企業掠奪的鬥爭聯繫起來。<sup><a href="#fn14" id="ref14">[14]</a></sup>這些鬥爭把握住「風俗習慣」抵抗資本主義的全球化,回到了「公共財產」以反對「剝削」(大衛‧哈維〔David Harvey〕特別強調了這一點)——這是一個在現今能被拉闊的概念,已經超越土地或水的問題的範圍,尤其重要的是「社會知識的生產越來越多地受制於知識產權」。<br />
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在世俗化的彌賽亞主義中,丹尼爾表明要全神貫注地處於「警戒」狀態下,時刻準備辨別爆發新的鬥爭的可能。「現在政治變得優先於歷史」,因為政治主導了意義;沒有已被命定的起源或被操盤的終結,亦沒有免受失敗或挫折的保護,而是必須能夠從分析之中看到這些目標。<br />
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<b>清算斯大林主義與官僚主義的責任</b><br />
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本薩依德質問巴迪歐:「官僚專制是十月革命的正當延續嗎?」<sup><a href="#fn15" id="ref15">[15]</a></sup>本薩依德對此的進一步詰問,提出的例子為仍然聲稱是在「共產主義者」的北京政權統治下所發生的「文化大革命」(<i>校按:巴迪歐所歌頌的</i>)或1989年天安門的鎮壓事件。什麼是作為改變一場革命、一個社會(它們要求解放的力量遭到壓抑)發展軌跡的連續性、不連續性、斷裂和著名的「分岔」的要素?這場與巴迪歐的論戰應當予以系統化闡述。巴迪歐在「永恆的和主體造反的哲學概念」的意義上而使用「共產主義」一詞,丹尼爾援引了他的一句話:「令到共產主義的假設在奪取權力的邏輯之外」,其根據這兩個序次(séquence):首先,馬克思已經為共產主義運動「埋下了這個假設」;其次,「革命黨從軍事化到階級戰爭而建立社會主義國家,或者標誌著取得勝利的假設這個序次」。<br />
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丹尼爾據此對巴迪歐的評論:「這個表述,儘管謹慎而細緻的用『或者』,意味著這個序次與他的共產主義假設是一致的」,「但歷史不能被化約為對於一個奠基性事件的效忠的一系列序次」,「巴迪歐沒有直面斯大林主義的問題,巴迪歐把一個假設置於另一個假設之上:這種建立在一個像幽靈般的初始爆發事件之上的效忠,極不可靠。這樣共產主義的假設,便處於一種為要確認與它概念相一致的真實性而要求實現它的政治介入、與另一種為讓思想躲避歷史更迭的唯心論前提這兩者的拉扯之間。<br />
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最後,丹尼爾指出:「在巴迪歐那裡對斯大林主義的批判被化約為只是方法上的問題」,其認為「應該批判的是如何建立黨組織的選擇和能否稱之為黨的組織形式。」<br />
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難道非政黨組織的形式可以避免官僚主義的危險嗎?斯大林主義難道只是錯誤造成的產物嗎?<br />
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敵人不僅僅是資產階級。事實上,在毛主義的理論世界裡官僚主義的概念是缺席的,那裡的敵人只有「資產階級」(或者「資本家階級」)。然而,正如丹尼爾所說,這裡存在著多重的鬥爭與威脅。他指出:「我們被外部的資產階級敵人和內部的官僚主義敵人雙重地擊敗了。」<sup><a href="#fn16" id="ref16">[16]</a></sup><br />
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很多作家(尤其是丹尼爾引用的)會分析與階級聯繫而又有自身獨特性的「社群機體」(corps sociaux)。<sup><a href="#fn17" id="ref17">[17]</a></sup>但我們亦應該根據階級之間的力量關係,而勾勒出作為制度一部分的政黨其在社會政治劇變的階段的形態。但是工人運動自身的官僚化並非邁向共產主義道路上的意外。丹尼爾反對這樣一種「膚淺的理論」,其「認為官僚現象乃是在文化上落後的社會的特有結果」,或是特定組織形式的產物。「事實上,有更多社會的自我發展,就產生更多不同的官僚主義形式:國家官僚主義、行政官僚主義、知識與菁英官僚主義。」<br />
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然而,非政黨性質的工人和社會運動的群眾組織(如工會、非政府組織、反歧視鬥爭組織),相比政黨並不必然有更多的民主和更少受到官僚化的威脅。<sup><a href="#fn18" id="ref18">[18]</a></sup>丹尼爾堅持,從全球範圍來看我們應該「思索的方式:政治和權力去專業化、限制民選代表身兼副職、消除物質與道德的特權以及確保義務的輪替。」 正如馬克思從巴黎公社的經驗而得出的教訓<sup><a href="#fn19" id="ref19">[19]</a></sup>、這亦是列寧提倡的,要與在社會之上的資產階級國家作出決裂。<br />
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這並非特殊現象,沒有萬靈丹可以完全避免發生。「關鍵在於採取警惕的措施和抑制官僚化的趨勢。」「真正的解方,有賴於經過長期地對勞動分工作出根本轉變和勞動時間的大幅減少。」我們能夠透過來自多種流派的批判思潮——經濟學、社會學、生態學、性別研究和後殖民主義——作為重要的思想武器,而為這個更深層的「共產主義」的平等目標作出動員。<br />
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<b>對兩種共產主義取徑之間張力的拿捏和疏理</b></div>
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我們認為(與丹尼爾一樣),對這個藉著與時間無關的「不變項」的共產主義取徑,其若能夠給予一個有力的概念和保持倫理學上的延伸,如要這樣做到,前提條件是不能放棄歷史的分析。可是,由誰來判斷和如何判斷?<br />
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無聲者的聲音(La voix des sans)……在由統治階級所書寫的每個階段和時期的歷史裡,我們需要訪尋那些「被遺忘者」的歷史啟示,作為反對抽象的偽普世主義。丹尼爾在就這個問題上與洛伊一樣,強調本雅明的貢獻在於轉向「無聲者」的聲音——不能發聲者、被壓迫者、被征服者,也就是被遺忘者:女性、奴隸、被殖民者、草根社區的平民以及遭受不同方面和形式的被壓迫的人。<sup><a href="#fn20" id="ref20">[20]</a></sup>為了被壓迫者對過去與現在的意義的占有,以民主的鬥爭而對歷史的多重占有,從而成為贏得「霸權」的其中一部分。在世界各地,反對統治者將一種「官方歷史」合法化的嘗試。<sup><a href="#fn21" id="ref21">[21]</a></sup><br />
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全球範圍內,反動意識形態的進攻有不同的形式:由將共產主義等同為斯大林恐怖統治的古拉格這種立場出發,而對1989—1991的翻天覆地的變化解釋為擁護資本主義的「革命」和「歷史的終結」;嘗試美化(法國)過去的殖民統治,而對過去反法西斯和反帝國主義的抵抗運動進行污名化<sup><a href="#fn22" id="ref22">[22]</a></sup>;藉由變化不定的國際法而對以色列新的「文明戰爭」予以合法化,從而模糊猶太復國主義的殖民主義……反動意識形態的目的要說成所有這些反動事業和統治機關的權力都是美好的。所以,我們要透過擴展公權力作為「警惕歷史的工具主義化」。<sup><a href="#fn23" id="ref23">[23]</a></sup>清算的責任,將看到的所有這些反對不正義的犬牙交錯的「社會抗議」加以吸收而使其成為共同資產。<br />
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對於優秀的共產主義者來說,只有多元的亦因此是民主的才是恰當的方式。應該消除那些使自身儼然成為最高審判官的政黨、國家、流行的意識形態或專家。但這並不表示民主共產主義不需要政黨、行政機關、專家和反菁英者。尊重共同體規則的組織自由和表達異見的自由、亦同時有助於機構以其方式判別議題,這十分重要。<sup><a href="#fn24" id="ref24">[24]</a></sup><br />
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<b>結論:重新構述而開啟更多的工作</b><br />
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羅莎‧盧森堡所看到而強調,布爾什維克限制了黨內的民主,而令到自身蒙受損失——因此,這便有利於斯大林主義化。但是,「短暫的蘇維埃世紀」不是侷限在斯大林的蘇聯。丹尼爾對巴迪歐所作的辯論裡,欠缺了充分提及同樣被各地共產黨鎮壓的許多「共產主義的」現實:1956年的匈牙利和波蘭的工人議會、布拉格之春、1968年的南斯拉夫自治運動、和1980年波蘭的大罷工和要求自治的團結工會運動……<br />
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和丹尼爾一樣,我們作時間回溯,回顧歷史過程而汲取所有鬥爭失敗的歷史,對在這個重述中對兩個面向取徑的充分假定:「一種為逃避歷史批判的清算的誘惑,其導致將共產主義理念化約為一些與時間無關的『不變項』、關於正義和解放含糊不清理念的同義詞,……而是應該對這些『不變項』採取歷史和政治形式的分析(在資本主義時期之前或由它之後、在不同的地方和脈絡之下)。」<br />
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這不止是要確定「在資本主義時代的特定解放形式」的問題,而是因為所有的社會(過去的和未來的、無論它有多麼正當的理由)都得從反對不平等和壓迫的起義怒火之中服膺這種批判。這毋須要同意這個概念才懂得這樣做。<sup><a href="#fn25" id="ref25">[25]</a></sup><br />
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我們提出的「清算的責任」的準則,以非宗派、非規範和非教條的有關方式,但最終是忠於平等和解放之目的。<br />
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「對能力的真正考驗……是在跨越『門檻前』的駐足。在一個持續的微妙的過渡之中……沒有最終的確定性。在跨越門檻之前,這過程之中必然帶來焦慮。」<sup><a href="#fn26" id="ref26">[26]</a></sup><br />
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<b>註腳:</b><br />
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<sup id="fn1">[1].<a href="#ref1" id="#fn1=">↩</a></sup> Daniel Bensaïd, 〈共產主義的力量〉(Puissances du communisme) , 2009, Article publié sur ce site.(<i>校按:文章見《本薩依德文庫網址》</i>)<br />
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<sup id="fn2">[2].<a href="#ref2" id="#fn2=">↩</a></sup> 本文來自丹尼爾過世兩年後在阿姆斯特丹舉辦紀念他的研討會上的報告《保衛共產主義》,旨在討論斯大林主義和官僚主義的問題。文章亦收錄在紀念丹尼爾‧本薩依德的文集《不是時候》(<i>l’intempestif</i>),《探索》(La Découverte)出版社,巴黎 2012。<br />
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<sup id="fn3">[3].<a href="#ref3" id="#fn3=">↩</a></sup> Daniel Bensaïd,《幽靈的微笑》<i>Le Sourire du spectre</i>, éditions Michalon, Paris, 2000, p. 37.<br />
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<sup id="fn4">[4].<a href="#ref4" id="#fn4=">↩</a></sup> Daniel Bensaïd, « Puissances du communisme », 2009. Article publié sur ce site.(<i>校按:文章見《本薩依德網址》</i>)<br />
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<sup id="fn5">[5].<a href="#ref5" id="#fn5=">↩</a></sup> Cf. débats « pour un socialisme du XXIe siècle » sur le site de Michel Husson : <a href="http://hussonet.free.fr/">http://hussonet.free.fr</a> (<i>校按:文章見《本薩依德文庫網址》</i>)<br />
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<sup id="fn6">[6].<a href="#ref6" id="#fn6=">↩</a></sup> Daniel Bensaïd, 《一個假設的共產主義:關於巴迪歐的〈共產主義的假設〉》« Un communisme hypothétique. A propos de “l’Hypothèse communiste” d’Alain Badiou », 2009. Article publié sur ce site.(<i>校按:文章見《本薩依德文庫網址》</i>)<br />
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<sup id="fn7">[7].<a href="#ref7" id="#fn7=">↩</a></sup> Daniel Bensaïd, 《縱向的不光采》 « <i>L’inglorieux vertical</i> », 1992. Article publié sur ce site.(<i>校按:文章見《本薩依德文庫網址》</i>)<br />
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<sup id="fn8">[8].<a href="#ref8" id="#fn8=">↩</a></sup> Cité par Daniel Bensaïd in « <i>L’inglorieux vertical </i>», art. cit. : Charles Péguy, « <i>Deuxième élégie</i> », Œuvres en prose complètes, Paris, Gallimard, La Pléiade », tome I, p. 351. (<i>校按:本薩依德引述佩吉的句子,出自佩吉的著作《第二哀歌》〔« Deuxième élégie »〕</i>)<br />
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<sup id="fn9">[9].<a href="#ref9" id="#fn9=">↩</a></sup> Ibid.<br />
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<sup id="fn10">[10].<a href="#ref10" id="#fn10=">↩</a></sup> Ibid.<br />
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<sup id="fn11">[11].<a href="#ref11" id="#fn11=">↩</a></sup> Ibid.<br />
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<sup id="fn12">[12].<a href="#ref12" id="#fn12=">↩</a></sup> Erwan Dianteill et Michael Löwy,《宗教與社會》<i>Sociologies et religion</i>, t. II, 〈異見的取徑〉<i>Approches dissidentes</i>, Puf, Paris, 2005.<br />
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<sup id="fn13">[13].<a href="#ref13" id="#fn13=">↩</a></sup> Daniel Bensaïd, 〈烏托邦與彌賽亞主義:布洛赫、本雅明和虛擬的意義〉« Utopie et messianisme : Bloch, Benjamin et le sens du vituel », 1995. Publié sur ce site.(<i>校按:文章見《本薩依德文庫網址》</i>)<br />
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<sup id="fn14">[14].<a href="#ref14" id="#fn14=">↩</a></sup> Daniel Bensaïd,〈馬克思與林木盜竊:從窮人的日常權利到人類的幸福〉« Marx et le vol de bois : du droit coutumier des pauvres au bien commun de l’humanité », 2007. Publié sur ce site. (校按:文章見《本薩依德文庫網址》。 Daniel Bensaïd, 《被剝奪者。馬克思、林木盜竊者和窮人的權利》<i>Les Dépossédés. Karl Marx, les voleurs de bois et le droit des pauvres</i>. La Fabrique, Paris, 2007.<br />
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<sup id="fn15">[15].<a href="#ref15" id="#fn15=">↩</a></sup> Cf. note 5.<br />
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<sup id="fn16">[16].<a href="#ref16" id="#fn16=">↩</a></sup> Daniel Bensaïd, <i>Le Sourire du spectre</i>, op. cit., p. 36.<br />
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<sup id="fn17">[17].<a href="#ref17" id="#fn17=">↩</a></sup> Ibid. p. 85.<br />
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<sup id="fn18">[18].<a href="#ref18" id="#fn18=">↩</a></sup> 有關這個計畫,丹尼爾和其他人一樣,受惠於第四國際內部有關的辯論黨內的管理關係(尤其是性別)的關注、權利的成文規定、尊重群眾民主運動以及對於官僚主義的分析。Ernest Mandel, <i>De la bureaucratie</i>, La Brèche, « Cahiers rouges », Paris, <a href="http://ernestmandel.org/">http://ernestmandel.org</a><br />
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<sup id="fn19">[19].<a href="#ref19" id="#fn19=">↩</a></sup> Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, <i>Inventer l’inconnu</i>. Textes et correspondances autour de la Commune, précédé de « Politiques de Marx » de Daniel Bensaïd, La Fabrique, Paris, 2008. (<i>校按:馬克思、恩格斯有關對巴黎公社的討論文件和信件,附近本薩依德的《馬克思的政治》(Politiques de Marx)著作裡前部分。</i>)<br />
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<sup id="fn20">[20].<a href="#ref20" id="#fn20=">↩</a></sup> Michael Löwy., <i>Avertissement d’incendie, une lecture des thèses « sur le concept d’histoire »</i>, Puf, « Pratiques théoriques », Paris, 2001.(校按:引自洛伊討論本雅明《歷史哲學論綱》的著作《警世鐘》(Avertissement d’incendie))Lire aussi « le point de vue des vaincus dans l’histoire de l’Amérique latine : réflexions méthodologiques à partir de Walter Benjamin », <a href="http://europe-solidaire.org/">http://europe-solidaire.org</a>. <br />
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<sup id="fn21">[21].<a href="#ref21" id="#fn21=">↩</a></sup> 這種抵抗的意識形態,其引起在2007年10月20—21日於斯洛文尼亞首都盧布爾雅那所舉辦的國際會議,當中這些參與會議的年輕歷史學家對於新的官方歷史提出質疑。« Uneventment of History – The Case of Yugoslavia. » Catherine Samary, « Yugoslav History in the Cold Wars ».(校按:英文講稿見此<a href="https://basepub.dauphine.fr/bitstream/handle/123456789/7470/Immediate%20history%20in%20socio%20economic%20research.PDF?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">連結</a>)<br />
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<sup id="fn22">[22].<a href="#ref22" id="#fn22=">↩</a></sup> 有關的抵抗,尤其是法國的歷史學者反對2005年2月修訂的法例(<i>校按:規定學校課程要教導學生對法國過往的殖民主義有「正面」的認識</i>),見網頁:<a href="http://clioweb.free.fr/">http://clioweb.free.fr</a><br />
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<sup id="fn23">[23].<a href="#ref23" id="#fn23=">↩</a></sup> 基於上述提到的衝突,而成立的「關注對歷史公開運用之委員會」(Le Comité de vigilance face aux usages publics de l’histoire)(<a href="http://cvuhblogspot.fr/">http://cvuhblogspot.fr</a>),研究並闡明對於歷史詮釋的辯論和衝突。見網頁(<i>校按:由於所附網址已失效,所以不予列出</i>)。<br />
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<sup id="fn24">[24].<a href="#ref24" id="#fn24=">↩</a></sup> 我們這裡不能介紹由丹尼爾(在這裡或其他地方已引述的眾名作品)所激起的對於社會主義民主的辯論。請參閱胡森(Michael Husson)的網頁:<a href="http://hussonet.free.fr/">http://hussonet.free.fr</a><br />
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<sup id="fn25">[25].<a href="#ref25" id="#fn25=">↩</a></sup> 我發展了這個論點,並且在2000年第四國際的雜誌所發表的文章,有關對「蘇聯性質」的概念上的討論,見網頁:<a href="http://csamary.free.fr/">http://csamary.free.fr</a><br />
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<sup id="fn26">[26].<a href="#ref26" id="#fn26=">↩</a></sup> Daniel Bensaïd, « <i>L’inglorieux vertical</i> », 1992. Article publié sur ce site.(<i>校按:文章見《本薩依德文庫網址》</i>)<br />
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驛站http://www.blogger.com/profile/11378808425722503912noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-361642193953372193.post-41107204253414732102017-06-10T04:41:00.000+02:002017-07-18T23:38:38.380+02:00數以百萬計的人票投柯賓以求變,保守黨被羞辱了!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">譯按:出處為英國社會主義工人黨(</span><span lang="EN-US">Socialist Workers
Party</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)報章《社</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">會主義工人》(</span><span lang="EN-US">Socialist Workers</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">網頁,於</span><st1:chsdate day="9" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="6" w:st="on" year="2017"><span lang="EN-US">2017</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US">6</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">9</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">上載之</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://socialistworker.co.uk/art/44767/Tories+humiliated+as+millions+vote+for+Corbyn+and+real+change"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">文章</span></span></a></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq28ywEGrTLRFnsziRk_1v1jQkR4zkJOpD9rYjTZWIFhSWOgrwQgoUvYQQItDMf83CHMpLArt0772DPLToUo_DVLGFa6je40oKi93miQHu8sBgoReng4PrftEjzxJjw1_m3twQr2EpAdgV/s1600/LabourPartyRallyCroydon6-6-17-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1065" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq28ywEGrTLRFnsziRk_1v1jQkR4zkJOpD9rYjTZWIFhSWOgrwQgoUvYQQItDMf83CHMpLArt0772DPLToUo_DVLGFa6je40oKi93miQHu8sBgoReng4PrftEjzxJjw1_m3twQr2EpAdgV/s320/LabourPartyRallyCroydon6-6-17-1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">選舉結果對於保守黨和梅伊(</span><span lang="EN-US">Theresa May</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)〔<i>港</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">譯:文翠珊</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〕是一場慘痛的失敗,而對於柯賓(</span><span lang="EN-US">Jeremy Corbyn</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)〔<i>港譯:郝爾彬</i>〕和工黨則是重大勝利。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對於左翼的每一個人、和對反對緊縮和種族主義而要踢走保守黨支</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">持柯賓的</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">每一個人,這是一個極大的鼓舞。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在英國選舉歷史上的競選活動之中,工黨在這次所贏得民眾支持的增長幅度是最大的。幾乎所有的民調和統計模型,都完全忽略了這個過程。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">梅伊——</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://socialistworker.co.uk/art/44451/Theresa+May+calls+for+snap+general+election+our+chance+to+get+the+Tories+out"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">作出了提早大選的決定,且在開始時民調領先</span></span>20%</a></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">——必須要走。她的留任失去支持。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">她要被迫離</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">去,今天〔</span><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">譯按:指</span><st1:chsdate day="9" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="6" w:st="on" year="2017"><span lang="EN-US">6</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">9</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">〕會有抗議活動。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">梅伊提早舉行大選,希望壓倒任何的反對勢力——尤其是工黨,和在議會議席獲得過半數。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">她得到幾乎所有媒體的堅定支持。據報,梅鐸(</span><span lang="EN-US">Rupert Murdoch</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)得悉出口民調(</span><span lang="EN-US">exit poll</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)顯示保守黨失利</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">後,在《泰晤士報》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US">Times</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)內從原本打算當保守黨得勝而辦的派對中,怒氣沖沖地離開。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">梅伊希望保守黨能獲得超過</span><span lang="EN-US">100</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">席的多數的美夢破碎了。她避開選舉工程、聚焦在開徵失智症稅(<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/dementia-tax-conservatives-pensions-policy-what-is-it-why-controversy-tory-election-manifesto-2017-a7749121.html">dementia
tax</a></span>)〔<i>譯按:長者在家接受照護不會得到補助而必須付更高費用</i>〕的災難性競選宣言、無所顧忌的試圖利用曼徹斯特和倫敦的恐襲以有利自己的選情,都導致了她羞辱性的慘敗。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">這亦非如某些評論所指是「支持留歐者的報復」(</span><span lang="EN-US">revenge of the Remainers</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">),如果真的是這樣,自由民主黨(</span><span lang="EN-US">Lib Dems</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)將會做得更好〔<i>譯按:他們在「去留歐盟公投」支持留歐</i>〕。這是關於緊縮和對富人的強烈憤怒。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">看來,保守黨這次在議會即使議席最多,但未達到過半數。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">可以確定,任何的保守黨政府將遠遠不是強大和穩定的。它可能與右翼的「民主聯合黨」(</span><span lang="EN-US">Democratic Unionist Party</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US">DUP</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)〔<i>譯按:</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu";">DUP</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">反對同性婚姻、反對婦女墮胎權的極右種族主義政黨,甚至在北愛爾蘭過去族群的衝突之中犯下不少恐怖主義活動</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〕組成聯合政府,但它將是一個混亂的聯盟。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這對於任何一方政黨來說都不可能是個安全的聯盟,所以很大機會在今年年底前會再舉行另一次大選。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">對於梅伊的投機主義行動惹來的反效果,在保守黨內亦惹起激烈的斥責。前財政大臣奧斯本(</span><span lang="EN-US">George Osborne</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)〔<i>港譯:歐思邦</i>〕說:「在她人生裡做過最糟糕的事情不再是在麥田上跑來跑去」〔<i>譯按:梅伊在某個<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/theresa-may-naughtiest-thing-runnig-fields-wheat-child-tory-leader-conservatives-a7774841.html"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">訪問</span></span></a></span>裡說自己做過最頑皮的事,是孩童時在麥田上跑來跑去而令到農夫不悅</i>〕。幾個保守黨的高層已暗示她必須要走。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">激進<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">工黨若沒有一個激進的<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://socialistworker.co.uk/art/44627/Labour+manifesto+that+breaks+from+its+past+helps+lift+Jeremy+Corbyns+support"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">宣言</span></span></a></span>、並由柯賓領導下具群眾基礎的向外型<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://socialistworker.co.uk/art/44764/The+radical+mood+behind+Jeremy+Corbyn+shows+theres+a+thirst+for+real+change"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">運動</span></span></a></span>,工黨將不會在全國各地都贏得議席。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">他說得對,「政治已經改變,不會再回到以前的框框裡了」。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">在一個當人們對政治菁英、緊縮徹底失望的年代,柯賓提供了改變的希望,而無數人回應了他帶出的訊息。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">大規模的集會,和提出向富人徵稅、取消大學學費、最低工資時薪</span><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">英鎊、為國民健康醫療體系(</span><span lang="EN-US">NHS</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)和教育挹注更多資金等的政策,從而產生了真正的熱情。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">他們動員了收以萬計的人去宣傳、投票——尤其是年輕人。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">工黨內的右翼<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://socialistworker.co.uk/art/44728/The+Labour+right+remains+a+millstone+around+Corbyns+neck"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">從未接受柯賓作為領導人並說他是不行的</span></span></a></span>,結果徹底喪失信譽。他們或會說如果有個右翼的領導人可能會有更好成績。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">但正如米勒班(</span><span lang="EN-US"> Ed Miliband</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)〔<i>港譯:文立彬,上任工黨黨魁</i>〕顯示的,乏味的訊息是不湊效的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">曾說過工黨正朝向災難性的失敗的工黨議員伍德科克(</span><span lang="EN-US">John Woodcock</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">),今早說對於發生著的事情「毫無頭緒」。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">他說:「我不知道英國政治發生了什麼事情」。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">非凡的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">非凡的成果包括,工黨贏得了自</span><span lang="EN-US">1918</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">年以來一直為保守黨所控制的坎特伯雷(</span><span lang="EN-US">Canterbury</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)選區。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">保守黨的</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">房屋部長(</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://socialistworker.co.uk/art/43510/Tiny+flats+will+do+for+you+lot,+says+Gavin+Barwell+housing+minister+with+the+plush+pad">Gavin
Barwell</a></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)失去了他的克羅伊登(</span><span lang="EN-US">Croydon</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的議席。而編纂保守黨這次競選宣言的古默(</span><span lang="EN-US">Ben Gummer</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),在伊</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">普斯威奇(</span><span lang="EN-US">Ipswich</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)被打敗,而內政大臣魯德(</span><span lang="EN-US">Amber Rudd</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)則僅能倖保議席。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">而工黨這次得票預計占投票份額大約</span><span lang="EN-US">40%</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,遠遠超過</span><span lang="EN-US">2015</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年米勒班、</span><span lang="EN-US">2010</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年布朗(</span><span lang="EN-US">Gordon Brown</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)〔<i>港譯:白高敦</i>〕和</span><span lang="EN-US">2005</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年布萊爾(</span><span lang="EN-US">Tony Blair</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)〔<i>港譯:貝理雅</i>〕的領導時期。而與</span><span lang="EN-US">2001</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年布萊爾領導時期相同。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">布萊爾主義已壽終正寢了,柯賓的位置是難以動搖的。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">英國獨立黨(</span><span lang="EN-US">UKIP</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的得票崩盤了。黨魁恩塔爾(</span><span lang="EN-US">Paul Nuttall</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)在波士頓和斯凱格內斯(</span><span lang="EN-US">Boston and Skegness</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)選區得票落得第三位,得票率亦下降了</span><span lang="EN-US">26%</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">自由民主黨增加了議席,但前領袖克萊格(</span><span lang="EN-US">Nick Clegg</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)輸了〔<i>譯按:與保守黨組成聯合政府</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">成為副首相後,便打倒昨日的我而贊成增加大學學費</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〕。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在蘇格蘭,蘇格蘭民族黨(</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://socialistworker.co.uk/art/44693/The+SNP+did+not+deliver+a+radical+decade+in+office" target="_blank">the Scottish National Party</a> </span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">仍然是最大黨。但輸掉不少議席給工黨、保守黨和自由民主黨。</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">預計議席由</span><span lang="EN-US">56</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">席跌至</span><span lang="EN-US">33</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">席</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">〔</span><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">譯按:最終結果為<span lang="EN-US">35</span>席</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">〕。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">而失去議席的包括上任領袖薩爾蒙德(</span><span lang="EN-US">Alex Salmond</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)和現任副主席羅伯森(</span><span lang="EN-US">Angus Robertson</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">工黨這次的成功,其意義更大於一個單一的選舉結果。昨天表明,英國不是一個右翼國家,而與很多分析員和政客在「去留歐盟公投」結果公布之後所說的正好相反。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">這裡存在一個對於反對緊縮、種族主義和戰爭的群眾情緒。有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu";">1200</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">萬人拒絕了保守黨和他們的同路人。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我們仍然面對一個保守黨政權,所以要在街頭和職場動員起來。我們需要加強抵抗。</span></div>
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驛站http://www.blogger.com/profile/11378808425722503912noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-361642193953372193.post-8363979747673852182017-05-15T09:00:00.000+02:002017-05-25T19:54:26.141+02:00耶魯大學的研究生為何進行絕食? 克萊恩(Jennifer Klein) <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">譯按:<st1:chsdate day="9" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="5" w:st="on" year="2017"><span lang="EN-US">2017</span>年<span lang="EN-US">5</span>月<span lang="EN-US">9</span>日</st1:chsdate>,紐約時報(<span lang="EN-US">The New York Times</span>)網頁上載之<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/09/opinion/why-yale-graduate-students-are-on-a-hunger-strike.html?_r=0"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">文章</span></span></a></span>。</span></i><br />
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">兩星期前在康乃狄克州(</span><span lang="EN-US">Connecticut</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">紐哈芬市(</span><span lang="EN-US">New Haven</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">),耶魯大學的研究生教員開始絕食,迫使校方要與他們的工會進行協商。八名絕食的工會成員表明,只有當醫生認為他們的身體會有永久性損害的風險時才會停止絕食。如果其中任何一個研究生真的為此停止絕食,工會其他成員便會接力補上。而絕食的研究生之中,有四人除了喝水外已經</span><span lang="EN-US">14</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">天</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">沒有進食了。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">這些研究生正在採取的行動引起注目。而他們爭取的目標——體面、穩定的薪資和全面的福利——會對整個勞動市場產生影響。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">耶魯大學像許多大專和大學一樣,依靠研究生和其他低收入的系內約聘教員——例如教授大部分課程的兼任教授(</span><span lang="EN-US">adjunct professors</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)。在美國高等教育當中,約聘教員占了整體教職人員約</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.aaup.org/sites/default/files/2015-16EconomicStatusReport.pdf">70%</a></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(<i>譯</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">按:</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">文件第</span><span lang="EN-US">13</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。他們完全按照合約工作。他們的報酬不足、缺乏負擔得起的醫療保健、沒有工作保障和對自身工作條件的發言權。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這些教員求助工會並不令人意外。令人感到意外的是大學校方對此而作出的回應。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">去年</span><span lang="EN-US">8</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月,「全國勞資關係委員會」(</span><span lang="EN-US">National Labor Relations Board</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)裁定私立大</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">學的教員是僱員,因此有<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/24/business/graduate-students-clear-hurdle-in-effort-to-form-union.html"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">集體談判權利</span></span></a></span>。耶魯大學八個學系的研究生投票<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2017/02/24/yale-grad-students-unionize"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">成立工會</span></span></a></span>,以爭取更好的薪資、醫療保健、獲得法律申訴程序、以及更好的問責機制以處理例如性騷擾的問題。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">但耶魯校方拒絕承認工會。相反,校方聘請了</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一家專門打擊工會的大型律師事務所</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">普洛思(</span><span lang="EN-US">Proskauer Rose</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),對工會的研究生會員進行騷擾和恐嚇</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">。普洛思的律師強迫研究生教員參與一個勞工委員會作聽證,反覆且煩擾的提問達數小時,目的為貶低他們的知識和技能。律師認為這些教授許多課程的研究生,「並非所屬科目的專家」,所以不符合教授的資格。當然,如果這樣一間名牌大學竟然讓不稱職的研究生來教每年要支付約</span><span lang="EN-US">5</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">萬美元學費的學生,這是非常奇怪的。耶魯校方為了不與工會談判而作出詆譭自己研究生教員的方式,令人感到震驚,亦損害學校本身的教育使命。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">儘管工會受到耶魯校方的法律挑戰,但一個區域性的勞工委員會小組再次確定耶魯研究生組織工會的權利。研究生在選舉之後,成立了在全國總工會「團結在此」(</span><span lang="EN-US">Unite Here</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)之下的「地方</span><span lang="EN-US">33</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」(</span><span lang="EN-US">Local 33</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)屬會,作為耶魯大</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">學</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">教員與校方談判的認可代表。但耶魯校方仍然拒絕來到談判桌。政府行政機關,以等待總統川普委任新一屆「全國勞資關係委員會」委員為由而一直拖延處理,因為被任命的委員,他們立場幾乎肯定會是反工會的,而更有可能推翻目前的裁決。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">耶魯大學校方聘用費用高昂的顧問公司或律師事務所,</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">阻止研究生和兼任教員的工會化,並非孤例。哈佛大學、哥倫比亞大學、杜克(</span><span lang="EN-US">Duke</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)大學、紐約大學、埃墨里(</span><span lang="EN-US">Emory</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)大學和巴納德(</span><span lang="EN-US">Barnard</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)學院——這裡列出的一些菁英學</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">校——都聘請了公司以破壞他們非終身聘用教員的工會化。他們都認為研究生基本上是學徒,因為他們正被培訓成為教授、或者是博物館和檔案室的負責人。但全國勞資關係委員會明確表示,研究生亦是專業教員和顧問,因此也是僱員和學生。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">美國的大學越來越依賴這種廉價勞動力。終身聘用和終身聘用方向的職位人數明顯下跌,這類教職員工在</span><span lang="EN-US">2013</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年約占整體</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://fassenate.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Reports/FAS-Senate_2017-04-13_Non-Ladder-Faculty.pdf">40%</a></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(<i>譯</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">按:</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">文件第</span><span lang="EN-US">5</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),但到了</span><span lang="EN-US">2016</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年下跌至約</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://apnews.com/adb9e92c6c764e74952e2ebf44fc0a93/it-time-eliminate-tenure-professors">30%</a></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。這類工作崗位也越來越少。例如,在</span><span lang="EN-US">2015</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年英語博士畢業生有</span><span lang="EN-US">1,183</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">人,但在全部學術界中助理英語教授的職位名額只有</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.mla.org/content/download/40038/1744556/Rpt_JIL_14-15.pdf">361<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">個</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">譯按:文件第</span><span lang="EN-US">24</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁</span></i><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。美國歷史學會公</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">告</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的職缺</span><span lang="EN-US">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歷史教授職缺的匯聚中心</span><span lang="EN-US">——</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">過去五年</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2016/02/05/report-finds-poor-job-market-history-phds"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">下跌了</span></span>45%</a></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這對於有抱負的助理教授帶來長期的積壓工作,所有人都爭取要減少工作量。而對於研究生教員,只能勉強賺取微薄工資,日後不再會有穩定的工作和收入以償還債務,已成常態。越來越多的約聘教職員工被這種模式困住了。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">而在耶魯大學,研究生教員試圖以信件、在社區收集請願簽名和舉行集會令校方</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">願意與工會談判,但沒有結果。所以在兩週前,工會成員在大學的</span><span lang="EN-US">Beinecke</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">廣場面對大學校長薩洛維(</span><span lang="EN-US">Peter Salovey</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的辦公室之處,搭</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">起了一個帳篷。這裡有沙發、椅子、桌子、燈具、書架、人工草皮墊子和野餐桌等的設備。進行絕食的研究生包裹著毛毯每天在這裡值勤,有人因為身體太虛弱難以走動而要坐輪椅。他們晚上會睡在附近的「第一菲爾德」教堂(</span><span lang="EN-US">the First and Summerfield Church</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">校方要求拆除帳篷。但直至現在,帳篷仍然矗立,將這個由大理石和混凝土的灰色廣場轉變為一個公共空間。行人走過會停下了談話。校園裡其他工會的工人,給予支持和團結。部長們、政治人物(紐哈芬市市長夏普〔</span><span lang="EN-US">Toni Harp</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">〕、國會女議員羅德森〔</span><span lang="EN-US">Rosa DeLauro</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">〕、參議員布盧門塔爾〔</span><span lang="EN-US">Richard Blumenthal</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">〕)、伊斯蘭教的教士(伊瑪目)和猶太教的教士(拉比),都來過探訪。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">在經濟增長最快的部門其生活工資都不足時,大學對待員工的方式尤其重要。當大學不給予他們僱員有穩定工資、和將他們定為如派遣和臨時的形式,這將研究生教員推向與服務性行業——行業預期有<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2013/article/industry-employment-and-output-projections-to-2022.htm">90%</a></span>的就業增長——的工人同一境況,因為企業權力上升和工會弱勢,令到該行業的工資停滯沒有增長。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">許多院校倣傚美國企業,追求更高的利潤而不給員工以公平工資,和在大學決策層面阻止民主參與,這說明了大學現時在社會上扮演的角色。但如果大學不是一個促進批判性探討和公民參與的地方,那麼它亦不再有什麼價值了。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">作者克萊恩(</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>Jennifer
Klein</b></span><b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">),為耶魯大學歷史教授,著作有《照護美國:在福利國家影響下的家庭保健工人》</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US">Caring for America: Home Health Workers in the Shadow of the Welfare
State</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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驛站http://www.blogger.com/profile/11378808425722503912noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-361642193953372193.post-35828253792106865012017-03-18T15:27:00.003+01:002018-04-15T16:57:59.861+02:00從未結束的盧卡奇爭論 (G.M.塔馬什)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;">The Never-Ending Luk</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 18pt;">á</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">cs
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />徐藝恆</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 12.0pt;">譯</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> <span lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 12.0pt;">宋</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: 12.0pt;">治德 校</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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2017年1月25日,布達佩斯市議會決定將捷爾吉·盧卡奇的雕像從位於市十三區的公園移除。我們邀請到了哲學家G.M塔馬什對這件事的意義進行評論。(<i>譯按:原文上載於《洛杉磯書評》(Los Angeles Review of Books)網址,附原文<a href="https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/the-never-ending-lukacs-debate/">連結</a></i>)<br />
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1914年之前,盧卡奇的早期作品被匈牙利文學界所深感厭惡。他的作品被認為過於「德意志化」——那意味著,作品過於哲學化,而缺乏足夠的印象主義和實證主義。當然,那僅僅是開始;從那時起,終其一生,盧卡奇始終被右翼不停地攻訐。在左翼圈子內,盧氏亦未得到善待。當他最重要的一本書,《歷史與階級意識》(<i>History and Class Consciousness 1923</i>)出版時,遭到第二和第三國際的猛烈抨擊,直到二十世紀六十年代該書方才再版。當時盧卡奇被下達最後通牒:如果他還想留在黨內,他必須否定該書的內容,並且進行自我批評,而他最後也這樣做了。<br />
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在1930年代,盧氏在蘇聯遭到了猛烈的批判。他從維也納搬到了莫斯科不久後,便被流放至塔什干(Tashkent),並被禁聲。但是在1945年,匈牙利共產黨仍需要他,或者更確切地說是他的名聲。他不情願地回到了匈牙利;後來東德也是一個定居選擇。在1947-48年匈牙利統一,共產黨專政建立後,「盧卡奇爭論」被正式鄭重提出:他被攻擊為「右傾路線分子」,「布爾喬亞」,一個不尊重蘇聯「社會主義現實主義」之人(說實話,他確實這樣)他被再次禁聲,並被禁止教學,或用匈牙利語出版,但是他的一些作品被偷運進了西德,並在那兒被印刷出來。<br />
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1956年,盧卡奇成為納吉革命政府的一員。這也是他被蘇軍逮捕並被短暫遞解到羅馬尼亞的原因。當他返回匈牙利時,他已經被共產黨開除,列入黑名單並且強制退休。他必須再一次將他的文章偷運到國外,這時在西德,Luchterhand Verlag 出版社開始出版他的全集(這個項目在2009年由 Aisthesis Verlag 出版社接手)。在匈牙利和東德,都舉行了對盧卡奇的批判活動;他被定性為「修正主義分子」和「反革命」。大量的文章開始對其撻伐,這些文字被翻譯成多種語言。<br />
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1968年,盧卡奇支持捷克斯洛伐克的改革和抗議蘇聯出兵,以及支持西方的青年運動。他抗議蘇聯對布拉格的佔領,這導致了他被共產黨另一次的剝奪權利。雖然後來在匈牙利改革過程中,他的黨籍暗地裡被恢復,某種程度上得到平反,但是這一切來得太遲了:盧卡奇在1971年去世。他的學生也被宣傳部門批判譴責,並且被列入黑名單;他們失去了工作,作品也被禁止出版。<br />
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在今日的匈牙利,盧卡奇卻落得「人民的敵人」的身後罵名——因為他被判定:為匈共卡達爾(Kádár)政權效勞的黨領導人之一、黨的寵臣和宣傳喉舌(但同一個政權卻一直想令他禁聲閉嘴)。在今日反共保守分子官方紀念的1956年革命,他在革命政府的歷史卻被輕易地遺忘了。<br />
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在1956年的社會主義革命中,盧卡奇是一個真正的共產主義者。但是他一生中最重要的革命是在1917年。在布爾什維克革命之前,盧氏是一個悲觀的保守主義者。他與許多同時代的德國和奧地利作家一樣,從右翼方面憎惡布爾喬亞。但是在1917年,他不再緘默,並拋棄了對傳統的一切幻想。對於他和許多他的同輩們來說,革命帶來了拯救:通過宣揚對剝削、階級分化、腦體差別、惡法、財產、家庭、教會、監獄種種的終結,革命拯救了他們的心靈。從另一方面來說,革命也象徵著國家的終結。<br />
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革命也意味著烏托邦的終結。在1919年(匈牙利社會主義革命之年)盧卡奇所寫的文章(譯按:指的是盧卡奇早期文章〈策略與倫理〉〔Tactics and Ethics〕):「無產階級的階級鬥爭既是革命自身的目標,亦同時是它的實現」。因此,人類社會的驅動力是歷史,而非烏托邦。因為無產階級革命的目的並不在世界之外,而內蘊其中。不能否認這種歷史觀帶有宗教寓意,因為在一些盧卡奇後來的聲明中亦有所呼應。例如,儘管盧氏對共產黨的失望,但是他仍然堅持留在黨內——因為教會之外無救贖(extra Ecclesiam nulla salus)。正是他和其他共產黨員的良心(conscience,另一個宗教術語),而非那些黨領導人一時的政治和意識形態宣傳,讓黨保持了正當性。<br />
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在他的主要著作之一的《青年黑格爾》(1948年第一版)中,盧卡奇講了一個大思想者批判基督教「實證性」(positivity)的故事,黑格爾反對基督教會其視宗教僅僅為傳統和制度價值網路、以及寧要主教座堂甚于福音的問題。令人諷刺的是,為了將法國革命的成果從革命浪漫主義和狂熱中解救出來,這位思想者成為了傳統秩序、實證性的最重要的捍衛者。我認為這個故事,正是盧卡奇思想自傳的隱喻。言外之意,他也承認無力改變。<br />
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西方人現在只知道反對共產主義的自由主義,這是由反法西斯的流亡人士如卡爾.波普(Karl Popper)、漢娜.阿倫特(Hannah Arendt)和邁克爾.波蘭尼(Michael Polanyi)以及前左翼人士如喬治.奧威爾(George Orwell)、伊尼亞齊奧.西洛內(Ignazio Silone)和亞瑟.庫斯勒(Arthur Koestler)所開創的傳統。在1968年之後,這種反共思潮逐漸由中東歐、以及蘇聯的持不同政見者和地下人權組織所接續。但是在西方鮮為人知的是另一種「白衛軍」(white guard)式的反共思潮,在一、二戰中間時期,這種思想在歐洲大陸廣為流傳,在今日的中東歐,包括匈牙利,又有復燃之勢。「白衛軍」視社會主義和共產主義為下層(<i>Untermensch</i>)的崛起。對於這些反共分子來說,共產主義不是意味著太少、而是太多的自由,而平等思想是一種反自然的罪惡(sin)。<br />
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這些人將「基督徒」視作「異教徒」,對於他們來說,普世價值意味著暴民統治,而「憲政」和「法治」則是勇氣精神的喪失。這些人相信到女人那兒去要帶著鞭子和棍杖,對同性戀者應拳打腳踢。他們相信對待黎凡特(Levantine)黑人,應當弄瞎他們的雙眼。<br />
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然而,當一個人在公園中,感覺豎立有爭議思想家的雕像是為了鴿子(棲息)的時候,他必須認識到:正是這些反共分子準備毀掉盧卡奇的雕像。他們亦將會拆散盧卡奇的檔案館(由匈牙利科學院所擁有和管理,他們膽怯地一事無成),丟棄到布達佩斯骯髒的旮旯。<br />
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而且,盧卡奇是猶太人,當局不會公開地宣傳他們的反猶主義,但是移走雕像這一事件是反猶主義活動的一部分。<br />
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作為現在人類史上偉大革命的見證者和哲學家,盧卡奇的存在絕不見容與奧班.維克多(Viktor Orbán)政權。他的「國家合作系統」寧願膜拜足球和杜松子酒。<br />
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G.M.塔馬什是匈牙利馬克思主義哲學家和公共知識分子,他是維也納人文科學研究所的訪問學者。<br />
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<i>譯按:<a href="https://www.petitions24.com/we_protest_against_the_removal_of_the_statue_of_georg_lukacs">反對匈牙利布達佩斯市議會移走盧卡奇雕像的聯署連結</a></i></div>
驛站http://www.blogger.com/profile/11378808425722503912noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-361642193953372193.post-7890298452115639132016-08-10T03:14:00.003+02:002023-10-31T09:10:09.003+01:00賀衛方《馬繼業的身世》一文隨想<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">馬繼業<span style="font-size: 16px;">(George Macartney)</span></td></tr>
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<span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中國著名的法律學者賀衛方,素來敢言批評時局,原來他對近代歷史的研究,也有一定功力。最近讀到他此前一篇文章〈<a href="https://chinadigitaltimes.net/chinese/297630.html" target="_blank">馬繼業的身世</a>〉(收錄在他</span><span lang="EN-US">2016</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年在香港出版的新書《石河子札記》),該文探討</span><span lang="EN-US">19</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">世紀末英國派駐中國喀什噶爾(即現今新疆)的總領事馬繼業</span><span face="新細明體" style="font-size: 12pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">George Macartney</span><span face="新細明體" style="font-size: 12pt;">)</span>的中國生母身世之謎,引起我一些隨想。</div>
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<span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">馬繼業的生父,便是馬格里(</span><span lang="EN-US">Halliday
Macartney</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),馬格里就是幫助清政府鎮壓太平天國起義的常勝軍的軍醫,也是李鴻章的幕僚,幫助清政府籌建第一間軍工廠——金陵機器製造局。有關馬繼業的中國生母,一直傳聞為太平天國納王郜永寬的女兒(或一說為侄女),而中文文獻史料基本沒有此位女子的資料,現在有關她的史料主要來源是馬格里的好友鮑爾傑(</span><span lang="EN-US">Demetrius Boulger</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)寫的《馬格里傳》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US">Life of Sir Halliday
Macartney</span></i><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。</span></div>
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<span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這個故事的背景,就是</span><span lang="EN-US">1863</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年蘇州對太平天國八王的殺降事件。李鴻章違反承諾,最後殺了以納王郜永寬為首獻城投降的太平天國的八王和屠殺其餘的士兵。而常勝軍首領戈登(</span><span lang="EN-US">Charles Gordon</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)、馬格里早前有份參與這次與郜永寬等人的秘密談判,亦被蒙在鼓裡。因為這樣,戈登對李鴻章此次背信棄義的行為與李鴻章決裂,並且派人保護被殺降將的家眷親屬。</span></div>
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<span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">作為常勝軍的主力人物,馬格里其後娶了郜永寬的女兒,鮑爾傑也提到這有出於保護親屬的原因。婚後,馬格里對於他這位中國妻子的身世背景,完全守口如瓶,</span>即使身邊好友亦所知甚少,<span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">也不讓她見任何客人。而馬格里的長子馬繼業,</span><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歲便送去英國讀書後的兩年,他母親馬夫人便過世了。馬繼業成年後,終此一生,也從不提及他的生母。這位女子,在任何中文文獻沒有留下任何名字或記載,就這樣湮沒在歷史之中。</span></div>
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<span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">賀衛方這文章的主要貢獻,就是在同樣僅有的少許史料上,作出與其他人截然不同的而又合理的判斷,他否定一直以來認為馬格理這位中國妻子就是郜永寬女兒的傳聞,他說:</span></div>
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<span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「許多資料上說,郜永寬出生於</span><span lang="EN-US">1839</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,到</span><span lang="EN-US">1863</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年他被殺時,剛到</span><span lang="EN-US">24</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歲。即便是舊時代早婚早育,他的女兒能夠有多大?假如他</span><span lang="EN-US">15</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歲結婚,</span><span lang="EN-US">16</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歲得女,那個女孩在父親死的時候也只有</span><span lang="EN-US">8</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歲,第二年就跟馬格里辦了婚禮,</span><span lang="EN-US">12</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歲(</span><span lang="EN-US">1867</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年)就生下馬繼業?恐怕也屬於神話。」</span></div>
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<span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所以,馬繼業的生母,賀衛方推定是郜永寬的侄女或近系親屬,殊為可信。</span></div>
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<span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">賀衛方認為由於當時那種中西之間仍然存在重大隔閡和偏見的年代,跨民族的通婚多少受到時人的歧視眼光,一位嫁給夷人的中國弱女子,當承受重大的社會壓力。這就是為何馬格里對妻子身世諱言莫深和刻意讓她與人隔離的主要原因,這當然是一個重要解釋。</span></div>
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<span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不過,我也有一個推測,可以作為一個補充,就是這與他們結合的原因有關。但這個推斷暫時還未找到相關史料佐證(不過很可能也沒有的)。</span></div>
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<span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">鮑爾傑提到馬格里為保護郜永寬的「女兒」,而促成這段婚姻。問題是,要保護他的家眷,不一定要用結婚的方式。而且即使要結婚,又為什麼偏偏選上郜永寬這位侄女呢?在當時仍然是封建社會的氛圍,一位夷人可以隨便向一位中國女子求婚繼而結婚嗎?</span><span face="新細明體">我的推測是,其實這門親事,應該推前到在郜永寬與戈登、馬格里密談獻城投降之時,在該段期間達成的。</span></div>
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<span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">郜永寬生前與戈登、馬格里談好投降的條件後,很可能再以另一種形式以確保他歸順清政府後他的利益可以更為鞏固,就是政治聯姻,而這方式在中國古代已司空見慣。但為什麼郜永寬會看上馬格里作為聯姻對象呢?基本不難解釋。第一,馬格里當時仍是單身未婚。第二,馬格里會說流利中文。第三,馬格里又是常勝軍的主力人物、李鴻章的得力助手。所以,合理推斷是,郜永寬做媒將他的侄女或近系親屬許配給馬格里。至於馬格里會否答應這門親事呢?答案也是肯定的,因為鮑爾傑在傳記也提到:「馬格里自己有在中國長久發展的意圖,他最欽佩的是南懷仁、湯若望等康乾時期的天主教傳教士,希望能夠像他們那樣獲得終生在北京宮廷服務的機會。加入中國國籍,並且娶一位中國女子都有助於他實現這一遠大理想」。所以,馬格里當時也極可能同意這門親事的。</span></div>
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<span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">雖然其後發生了殺降事件,郜永寬等人身首異處,但既然馬格里與郜永寬大家已同意這門親事(在當時社會,郜永寬的侄女是否也同意是個問題,不過她應該預先知道這門親事),馬格里才順理成章迎娶郜永寬的侄女,履行先前的婚約,二來也可以保護郜永寬的侄女。但也正因發生了殺降事件,馬格里作為李鴻章的得力幕僚、清政府的重臣,他與太平天國納王的這椿政治聯姻,便成為馬格里的一個忌諱,肯定不能對人吐露半點的。至於馬繼業,他後來成為大英帝國的外交官,終其一生對自己中國生母的身世諱莫如深,是因為他生母是中國人還是自己是太平天國的後嗣?或兩者也是?也難再考究了!</span></div>
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<span face="新細明體">後記:楊東曉的〈程學啟:從「悍匪」到「悍將」〉(《看歷史》</span><span lang="EN-US">2011</span><span face="新細明體">年</span><span lang="EN-US">8</span><span face="新細明體">月號)一文,亦提出馬格里這門親事是郜永寬的安排的觀點,不過只是一句帶過,沒有任何史料佐證,連基本論證都沒有。</span></div>
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驛站http://www.blogger.com/profile/11378808425722503912noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-361642193953372193.post-67086179190903230142016-05-17T20:46:00.000+02:002017-02-02T04:41:33.174+01:00《我,布雷克》(I, Daniel Blake):像是肯.洛區的一場最後、令人傷心的寧為玉碎、不為瓦全的戰鬥。<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">譯按:法國</span></i><i><span lang="FR"><a href="http://www.telerama.fr/festival-de-cannes/2016/moi-daniel-blake-c-est-ken-loach-toujours-aussi-revolte,142349.php"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《電視全覽》</span></a></span></i><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(附屬法國《世界報》(</span><span lang="EN-US">Le Monde</span></i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-style: italic;">)集團的綜合文藝週刊)網址,</span><st1:chsdate day="13" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="5" style="font-style: italic;" w:st="on" year="2016"><span lang="EN-US">2016</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US">5</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">13</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><i>上載之文章。作者 Cècile Mury 。</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">憤怒、同理心和堅定不移的人道主義……今年,肯.洛區將於這週五(<i>譯按:</i></span><st1:chsdate day="13" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="5" w:st="on" year="2016"><i><span lang="FR">5</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span></i><i><span lang="FR">13</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></i></st1:chsdate><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">)將步進坎城影展會場,仍然有話對我們說。相比他此前的所有電影作品,這齣競逐影展的社會題材電影,像是最後的寧為玉碎、不為瓦全的戰鬥。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在</span><span lang="FR">2014</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的坎城影展上,肯.洛區暗示</span><i><span lang="FR">Jimmy’s Hall</span></i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(<i>譯按:臺譯《自由之丘》;港譯《</i></span><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">翩翩愛自由》</span></i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)將會是他最後一部電影。但是,已經</span><span lang="FR">80</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歲的肯.洛區沒有放下武器、停止戰鬥。還沒有。他今年回來競逐影展,帶給我們的是一部有他的一切憤怒、同理心和堅定不移的人道主義的作品。肯.洛區對於那些時髦得令、花巧取寵和矯情造作的電影,完全不為所動。</span><i><span lang="FR">I,
Daniel Blake</span></i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">標誌著我們與電影</span><i><span lang="FR">Riff Raff</span></i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><i><span lang="FR">My Name is Joe</span></i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或</span><i><span lang="FR">Labybird, Labybird </span></i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的導演和「他的」英國再次相逢——那裡的赤貧者和被遺忘的人,除了他之外,沒有人再稱他們為工人階級(<i>譯按:作者這種理解是錯誤的,真正左翼不會如此認為。而且,電影男主角本身亦是木工的工人階級。</i>)肯.洛區在他的時代和在他那非常自由主義的島上,對所有這些危機、緊縮政策的受害者,沒有猶豫、也永不退縮,以他手上的攝影機來捍衛,卻開始顯得有種孤獨感。這種孤獨——有《最後的摩根戰士》的一面,瀰漫在悲傷的敍事之中,相比他之前的所有電影,像是一場最後、令人傷心的寧為玉碎、不為瓦全的戰鬥。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">布雷克,肯.洛區的原型</span></b><b><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">誰是布雷克,會是肯.洛區自己嗎?在這部社會題材的電影裡,隨處可見到一個「憤老」的造型,決心要戰鬥至最後一口氣。即使這場戰鬥強弱懸殊。一方面,一位做木工的鰥夫,因患心臟疾病,而被迫停止工作。另一方面,半私營化的政府部門(<i>譯按:電影裡指社會福利和就業等部門</i>),瘋狂、反常地針對這些謂「接受救濟者」像捕殺獵物一樣,拒絕給他們任何補助,剝奪他們所有的收入。在不間斷而又要求前後矛盾的電話通話之中(<i>譯按:指那些機構官僚</i>),在荒謬情境之中的遲疑回答(<i>譯按:指求助者</i>),電影帶給我們一種異常卡夫卡式的漫長苦難。同時,我們又經常在其中觸及喜劇元素,就是充滿力量的英雄,在戰鬥中懷著善良的願望和幽默。正是這種栩栩如生的描寫,他的善良、風趣和日常的舉措,討人喜歡,使我們與他更覺親近。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但導演不忘提醒我們,這裡是生與死的問題。真正的饑餓和赤貧,伴隨著主角他們被排斥、被侮辱的軌跡。主角面對這種黑暗作出反抗,可惜無力改變而最終倒下,但仍保持那份令人動容的尊嚴。飾演布雷克的演員約翰斯(</span><span lang="FR">Dave Johns</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),我們會希望他因此而得到最佳男主角獎,當然也希望飾演年輕單身、失業的母親瑞吉兒(</span><span lang="FR">Richael</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)(<i>譯按:這裡有誤,女主角名</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Hayley Squires</span></i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)也能獲獎。兩人在戲裡於一間本地就業中心相遇。他們之間交織著一個美麗、微妙的相互扶持和友愛的故事。在一個更為公義社會的最後庇護所,那裡的人們「不是客戶,亦非使用者……只是公民。」</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://ma-petite-taverne.blogspot.fr/2014/11/ken-loach.html">肯.洛區專訪:「媒體的文化控制,危害尤烈!」</a><br />
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<a href="http://ma-petite-taverne.blogspot.fr/2008/04/the-wind-that-shakes-barley.html">《風吹麥動》(<i>The Wind that Shakes the Barley</i>)</a></div>
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<a href="http://ma-petite-taverne.blogspot.fr/2014/11/blog-post.html">謝謝你,洛區先生——肯.洛區導演的《土地與自由》</a><br />
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驛站http://www.blogger.com/profile/11378808425722503912noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-361642193953372193.post-9249099791173908902016-02-02T16:38:00.001+01:002018-01-15T16:34:12.325+01:00馬克思主義失去了一位熱忱的捍衛者 (Marxism loses a passionate champion)Alex Callinicos<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Ellen
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<span lang="EN-US">Alex
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">宋治德 譯</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><i>譯按:本文譯自英國《社會主義評論》(Socialist Review)月刊網頁,2016年2月號之<a href="http://socialistreview.org.uk/410/marxism-loses-passionate-champion#.Vq_SA_DXW1s.twitter">文章</a>。</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">編按:艾力克斯.柯林尼可斯(</span><span lang="EN-US">Alex Callinicos</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)以溫馨的記憶,回顧剛於上月去世的艾倫.</span><span lang="EN-US">M.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">伍德(</span><span lang="EN-US">Ellen Meiksins Wood</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的一生,還有她早年所識別出的並加以批判的「後馬克思主義」,以及她對「政治馬克思主義」具爭論的分析的發展作出了重要的貢獻。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">艾倫.</span><span lang="EN-US">M</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.伍德(</span><span lang="EN-US">Ellen Meiksins Wood</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)於</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月去世(<i>譯者按:</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US">2016</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span></i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),享年</span><span lang="EN-US">73</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歲。她是上一代傑出的馬克思主義知識分子之一。她對於追求理論的清晰度,兼持嚴格的許諾和深厚的政治熱忱。這些特質,可從她介入討論而初歩為她帶來廣泛關注的、於</span><span lang="EN-US">1986</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年出版的《從階級退卻:一種新的「真正」社會主義》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US">The Retreat from Class: A
New 'True' Socialism</span></i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)著作裡,清楚地呈現出來。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在這書裡,她把批評矛頭指向那時初步形成的「後馬克思主義」(</span><span lang="EN-US">Post-Marxism</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)流派。她針對這樣一群的左翼知識分子,他們在</span><span lang="EN-US">1960</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代的運動高潮時期強烈地認同馬克思主義,但現在向了右轉,他們其中有拉克勞(</span><span lang="EN-US">Ernesto Laclau</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)、墨菲(</span><span lang="EN-US">Chantal Mouffe</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)和瓊斯(</span><span lang="EN-US">Gareth Stedman Jones</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。就如拉克勞和墨菲斥責的所謂「階級主義」(</span><span lang="EN-US">Classism</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),他們認為社會不是由社會生產和階級對抗所形構的,而實際是由不同的、分散而多元的話語和習俗所形成的。他們由此得出結論:左翼對於既存社會,不要再想什麼以社會主義來取代,而是應該爭取一個更為民主的型式。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這並非一個純粹的學術爭論。在英國的<st1:personname productid="柴契爾" w:st="on">柴契爾</st1:personname>夫人對組織起來的工人階級發動攻擊的背景下,這加強了工黨的金諾克(</span><span lang="EN-US">Neil Kinnock</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)領導所要推動的路線,其最終導致布萊爾的誕生。伍德這書,發表在</span><span lang="EN-US">1984</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">至</span>19<span lang="EN-US">85</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年煤礦工人大罷工失敗之後,清楚地駁斥了後馬克思主義的論點,創造了一個兼具非化約性和激進的馬克思主義的生動案例。這書獲得了多伊徹紀念獎(</span><span lang="EN-US">Deutscher Memorial Prize</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《從階級退卻》有幾方面,代表了伍德更為重大的成就。首先,即使她作為加拿大人和在多倫多的約克(</span><span lang="EN-US">York</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)大學教了多年的政治理論,伍德這書為英國的馬克思主義左翼作出了重要的貢獻。她花了不少的時間在倫敦,和交了很多朋友。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">第二,她確定出,法國馬克思主義哲學家阿爾都塞的理論崩解後的其中變種,成為後馬克思主義的主要來源之一。</span><span lang="EN-US">1960</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代的巴黎,阿爾都塞嘗試將馬克思主義與各種哲學流派進行調和,尋求融合語言和社會、以及將主體視為社會結構的作用。為此,阿爾都塞為後馬克思主義敞開了方便之門。伍德像哈曼(</span><span lang="EN-US">Chris Harman</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)在「國際社會主義」傳統裡的立場,她認為要維持馬克思主義的批判性和革命性的內涵,拒絕阿爾都塞的理論是必不可少的。她站在偉大歷史學家湯普森(</span><span lang="EN-US">Edward Thompson</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的立場,捍衛馬克思主義的人道版本。但另一位歷史學家提供了伍德重要的理論參考點,她</span><span lang="EN-US">1981</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年發表《在資本主義下經濟與政治權力的分離》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US">The Separation of the
Economic and Political under Capitalism</span></i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的文章,強調了布倫納(</span><span lang="EN-US">Robert Brenner</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)作品的重要理論意義。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">布倫納對從封建主義向資本主義過渡的兩大廣泛具爭議的論題,取得了理論上的進展。首先,在中世紀晚期和近代歐洲初期的地主和農民之間的階級鬥爭,對於資本主義初步在歐洲占了優勢,起了決定性的作用。其次,關鍵轉變的發生——如英國例子——不是在城市或國際貿易的領域(如此前的一些歷史學家和經濟學家傾向認為那樣),而是以農業資本主義的關係在農村出現。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對布倫納其中的一個批評,如法國馬克思主義歷史學家伊.布瓦(</span><span lang="EN-US">Guy Bois</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)所提出的,形容布倫納的理論為「政治馬克思主義」,其為「歷史的唯意志主義的版本,將階級鬥爭脫離於其他所有的客觀偶發事件」(<i>譯按:作者這裡引用的伊.布瓦文章,少了「客觀」兩字,見</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Bernner Debate,</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> p.115, Cambridge University Press,1985.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)但是,伍德卻接受了這個標籤,認為它代表了與那種將歷史化約為生產力發展的馬克思主義版本的決裂。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">伍德指出政治馬克思主義有兩個概念。首先是要小心分析在特定社會裡普遍存在的財產關係的性質——粗略而言,其他馬克思主義者稱之為生產的社會關係,對於生產手段和勞動力的經濟控制形式而引致不同組類的階級關係。伍德對主流的和馬克思主義的歷史學家所持的批判立場,是他們缺乏辨識出對普遍存在於社會的不同的財產關係其所相異之處。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">第二,伍德強調資本主義的特殊性,她認為資本主義相比其他經濟體系有非常不同的邏輯。特別是,在跟隨布倫納的主張方面,她強調資本主義不能等同為市場的普遍存在。市場在許多前資本主義的社會已經存在,但在那裡沒能形成生產。資本主義由以下的事實區別開來:資本家和工人只能透過在市場上的有效競爭而成功地再生產他們自已。這迫使資本主義企業不斷為提升勞動生產率而投資於技術的創新,從而降低生產成本。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">伍德的一個結論:馬克思主義者一般地對人類歷史傾向推想出一種資本主義的非常特定的結構。因此,生產力的發展不是——如她的同胞加拿大哲學家柯亨(</span><span lang="EN-US">G.A.Cohen</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)所言——歷史發展的動力,而是特定存在於資本主義。此外,資本主義的特質是系統地將經濟從政治分離出來。在前資本主義社會的剝削是透過「經濟之外的強制」手段——例如,封建地主對他們的農民施加的政治和司法的權力。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">相反在資本主義,伍德在跟隨布倫納的主張上,稱之為工人的「市場依賴」導致他們向資本出賣他們的勞動力,而因此屈從於被剝削的狀態。結果,經濟和政治關係能夠在制度上互相分離開來(這在之前是不可能發生的)。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在此基礎上,伍德和那些受她影響的——因她出色的智力和她作為老師的氣質吸引其他人圍繞她而形成的鮮明學派——認為不止是資本主義是特殊的,即使圍繞它周邊並沒多許多類似的東西。所以,伍德否定意大利的城邦或近代初期的荷蘭是資本主義的。而決定性的改變,是</span><span lang="EN-US">16</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="EN-US">17</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">世紀在英國出現的農業資本主義。而建基在「經濟之外的強制」的舊制度,已存在了一段長時間,因此,政治馬克思主義者否定</span><span lang="EN-US">1789</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">至</span>17<span lang="EN-US">94</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的法國大革命是一場資產階級的革命,而認為資本主義的財產關係要到更為晚後才普遍存在。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這是一種有力的、重新想像的歷史唯物主義。當然,這裡有許多的爭論。不同的馬克思主義者如哈曼、巴納吉(</span><span lang="EN-US">Jairus Banaji</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),則堅持商人的中心地位和世界經濟對近代資本主義的發展所起的作用。在對待國家介入經濟方面,政治馬克思主義的趨向是視其為建基在「經濟之外的強制」的、前資本主義式財產關係的一種持久性的象徵,這觀點碰上當代資本主義的國家其非常活躍的角色時,則是如坐針氈。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但這種分歧比起伍德的原創性和多產性,顯得次要了。她作為一位學者,兼具分析上嚴謹和在歷史知識方面博學的特質,這些都在她的著作中令人印象異常深刻地展現了出來。或者,我最喜歡她的著作是《農民–公民和奴隸:雅典民主的基礎》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US">Peasant-Citizen and Slave:
The Foundations of Athenian Democracy</span></i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),伍德在此書裡批評傳統馬克思主義認為典型古代是建基在奴役之上的詮釋,她為此對雅典城邦提供了獨到的社會基礎的分析,並將一些大哲學家例如柏拉圖稱之為古代民主的階級敵人。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在她未完成的西方政治思想史的一系列研究中,其中有兩卷問世了:《公民到貴族:古代到中世紀的西方政治思想的社會史》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US">Citizens to Lords: A Social
History of Western Political Thought from Antiquity to the Middle Ages</span></i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)和《財產與自由:文藝復興到啟蒙運動的西方政治思想的社會史(</span><i><span lang="EN-US">Liberty & Property: A Social History of Western
Political Thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment</span></i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。在政治哲學這塊領域,伍德作為一位訓練有素的政治哲學家,這裡當然是她的主場,但一位有影響力的知識界歷史學者斯金納(</span><span lang="EN-US">Quentin Skinner</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),則占據了她這領域不少位置——尤其在她有關早期近代思想的第二卷著作裡。斯金納著名的是,他堅持理論上的文本必須置放於它們的政治對話脈絡中來理解,才能產生貢獻。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">伍德相比斯金納的本質唯心主義的方法,進行更為徹底的語境主義(</span><span lang="EN-US">contextualism</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的實踐,這裡指的語境是由話語和「語言情境」所組成。她理解的「政治思想的社會史」,是帶著更差異獨特的唯物主義方式來理解語境。伍德運用了她在發展馬克思主義對財產關係的理解中所鍛造出的銳利工具,以此來對主流歷史學家所提出的「現代性」、「共和主義」和「啟蒙運動」的粗糙擁腫的分類,進行了細緻的切割和剖析。因此,她拒絕像政治學家那樣的回應而視為一種無差別的「商業社會」的興起,而堅持(例如)有專制的法國和資本主義的英國兩者的不同路徑。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有人有時或會批評伍德這種識辨——這建基於她的政治馬克思主義來分析資本主義的興起——過於尖狹,致將歐洲社會的不同發展階段架設成彼此之間的距離過於迢遠。但人們仍然可以從她的論證之中,欣賞她對歷史的深邃理解和分析的洞察力。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">伍德堅持:「政治思想的社會史所提出的問題,是在政治領域之外有關社會的進程、關係、衝突和鬥爭,它們如何形塑政治領域自身。」這裡沒有其它能比英國革命突出的時期更清楚地顯示出來,平等派(</span><span lang="EN-US">Levellers</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的由人民民主改變的主張設下了問題的氛圍,其促使了霍布斯和洛克尋求一種有利於新興資本主義發展的回答。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">她這方面的才能,在一些作品裡展示出更為直接的政治運用,例如在她的文章——《公民社會的使用和濫用》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US">The Uses and Abuses of
Civil Society</span></i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),對當代自由主義的意識型態的主要概念進行了拆解,以及在伊拉克戰爭期間於</span><span lang="EN-US">2003</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年出版的《資本的帝國》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US">Empire of Capital</span></i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">讓我以一個個人的記錄作為本文的結束。艾倫與我在有關理論的課題方面,在印刷文字上已有過多次的交鋒。她曾稱我為「嚴苛的批評者」。但多年前,我們曾一起在馬田.多伊徹(</span><span lang="EN-US">Martin Deutcher</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)(多伊徹和塔瑪拉(</span><span lang="EN-US">Tamara</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的兒子)的家裡度過了一個晚上。馬田是位嚴重殘疾人士,終此一生都住在他父母的舊單位內,四週只有他父母留下的書籍、卷宗和照片。他邀請了艾倫和我到他家一起享用中式外賣的餐點。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我在這奇特的而略帶憂傷的場景,強烈地感受到艾倫的善良、耐性、熱情和人道。在我們離開到地鐵站的路上,我們同意這一晚是個對我們大家所有共同之處的回憶。這就是我怎麼都會記著她!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.versobooks.com/blogs/2446-a-selection-of-the-works-of-ellen-meiksins-wood"> 伍德文選連結</a></span><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
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驛站http://www.blogger.com/profile/11378808425722503912noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-361642193953372193.post-63193789529771720472015-06-21T00:37:00.000+02:002017-06-29T14:15:25.439+02:00工人與祖國——《共產黨宣言》相關段落的筆記 羅斯道爾斯基(Roman Rosdolsky)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">【烏】羅斯道爾斯基</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Roman Rosdolsky</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">翻譯:宋治德</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">譯者前言:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">羅斯道爾斯基</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Roman Rosdolsky</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><st1:chsdate day="19" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="7" w:st="on" year="1898"><span lang="FR-CA">1898</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="FR-CA">7</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="FR-CA">19</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span lang="FR-CA">-<st1:chsdate day="15" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="10" w:st="on" year="1967">1967<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">年</span></span>10<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">月</span></span>15<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">日</span></span></st1:chsdate></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">烏克蘭馬克思主義經濟學家。羅斯道爾斯基出生於奧匈帝國統治下的西烏克蘭(</span><span lang="EN-US">Galicia</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)首都利維夫市(</span><span lang="EN-US">Lviv</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。</span><span lang="EN-US">1920</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代初加入西鳥克蘭共產黨,其後由於同情托洛茨基領導的左翼反對派,而被開除出黨。他後來完全信服托洛茨基對斯大林主義的得勢、及其對德國納粹主義的政策所作的分析和批判,而加入烏克蘭的托洛茨基主義組織。納粹德國佔領西烏克蘭期間被俘虜及送入集中營。二戰結束,羅斯道爾斯基從納粹集中營存活下來,移居美國。他移居美國後退出了政治活動,專注在馬克思主義的理論研究,而他一直視自己為列寧和托洛茨基的學生,直至去世。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">羅斯道爾斯基的重要著作,除了本文提到的《恩格斯和「沒有歷史」的民族:</span><span lang="EN-US">1848</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年革命的民族問題》</span><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US">Engels and the “Nonhistoric” Peoples: The National Question in the
Revolution of 1848</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">,</span></i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">就是《馬克思〈資本論〉的形成》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US">The Making of Marx's Capital</span></i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),均在英語世界的左翼圈子產生重要的影響。另外,他在奧斯維辛集中營日子的回憶錄,亦被翻譯成英文。中國大陸已出版了《馬克思〈資本論〉的形成》的中譯本。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">顧名思義,本文是討論《共產黨宣言》有關工人階級與他們祖國的關係。一直以來,《共產黨宣言》裡的「工人沒有祖國」這個斷言,產生不少誤解甚至被歪曲(其實早在馬克思、思格斯年代已經出現)。作者對此立場,他既反對不求甚解而將它作為一種教條,也反對從右的、資產階級的民族主義對它的曲解(包括來自改良主義的社會民主派,甚至後來斯大林主義的共產黨)。因此,作者回到馬克思主義的原典尋找答案,他對</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">馬克思和恩格斯在</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《共產黨宣言》和其他著作使用的兩個詞彙</span><span lang="EN-US">nation</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="EN-US">nationalit</span><span lang="FR-CA">é</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(在中文裡,除了一般稱為民族,也涉及</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國族、國民、公民、種族和族群等等不同的意思)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,按照他們對這兩詞的理解進行詞義上的分析和疏理</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。作者的論述特色嚴謹清晰,在掌握對馬克思和思格斯其著作的豐富知識的基礎上(他本身有參與編纂《馬恩全集》德文版的工作),對有關「民族」的概念條分縷析;並從馬克思主義立場出發就工人運動與民族問題、民族主義運動之關係,提出了自己獨特的見解。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本譯文譯自《法文馬克思主義文庫》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US">Les archives marxistes</span></i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)網頁上載的法譯版本 <a href="https://www.marxists.org/francais/rosdolsky/works/1965/00/patrie.htm"> </a></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.marxists.org/francais/rosdolsky/works/1965/00/patrie.htm">Les travaileurs et la patrie : Note sur un passage du <i>Manifeste Communiste</i></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。這裡稍加說明。文章原為德文,實際寫作年份不詳,但最早的英譯本是刊登於</span><span lang="EN-US">1965</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年《科學與社會》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US">Science and Society</span></i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)雜誌(</span><span lang="EN-US">1965</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年夏季,第</span><span lang="EN-US">29</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">期),估計大約與這段時期相去不遠。而法譯本(亦是直接從德文翻譯)刊載於《第四國際》</span><span lang="EN-US">1980</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US">7-9</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月的季刊。譯者對照英譯和法譯兩個版本,發覺英譯本當中一些句子語焉不詳、甚至或有錯譯之處,而且還刪改了批評斯大林的一個註釋;而法譯本的意思較為清楚。所以選擇以法譯本翻譯成中文,但同時亦有參考英譯本。</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(一)</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《共產黨宣言》裡討論無產階級與他們自己祖國的關係,有關段落這樣說﹕</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 11.0pt;">有人責備共產黨人,說什麼他們要廢除祖國,廢除民族(<span lang="EN-US">nationalit</span>é)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 11.0pt;">工人沒有祖國。決不能剝奪他們原來沒有的東西。既然無產階級首先必須取得政治統治,上升為民族的(<span lang="EN-US">national</span>)主導階級,確立為民族(<span lang="EN-US">nation</span>),所以它本身暫時還是民族的(<span lang="EN-US">national</span>),不過這完全不是資產階級所理解的那個意思。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 11.0pt;">隨著資產階級的發展,隨著貿易自由和世界市場的確立,隨著工業生產以及與之相適應的生活條件的一致化,各國人民之間的民族(<span lang="EN-US">national</span>)孤立性和對立性日益消逝下去。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 11.0pt;">無產階級的統治將更加快它們的消逝。聯合的努力,至少是各文明國家的聯合的努力,是無產階級獲得解放的首要條件之一。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 11.0pt;">人對人的剝削一消滅,民族(<span lang="EN-US">nation</span>)對民族(<span lang="EN-US">nation</span>)的剝削就會隨之而消滅。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 11.0pt;">民族(<span lang="EN-US">nation</span>)內部的階級對抗一消失,民族(<span lang="EN-US">nation</span>)之間的敵對關係就會隨之消失。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 11.0pt;">(譯按:《馬恩全集》中文第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>版,第<span lang="EN-US">4</span>卷,第<span lang="EN-US">487-488</span>頁,人民出版社。文章以下所引用的馬克思、思格斯和列寧的著作和文章,譯者採用《馬恩全集》中文第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>版、《列寧全集》中文第<span lang="EN-US">2</span>版內的對應譯文,並標示其出處。)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">而在以上段落的前幾頁,《共產黨宣言》說﹕</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如果不就內容而就形式來說,那麼無產階級反對資產階級的鬥爭最</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 11.0pt;">初總是民族的(<span lang="EN-US">national</span>)鬥爭。每一個國家裡的無產階級首先當然應該打倒本國的資產階級。<span lang="EN-US"> </span>(譯按:同上,第<span lang="EN-US">478</span>頁)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在社會主義的文獻引用這些段落已不計其數,通常是為了闡明工人運動對待資產階級的愛國主義和沙文主義,應持否定的態度。但是,經常有種企圖是要淡化這些段落其語言表達的強烈色彩,甚至相反給予其民族主義的涵義。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我們舉出著名的德國社會民主黨的理論家庫諾(</span><span lang="EN-US">Heinrich Cunow</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),作為一個例子。他在其《馬克思的歷史、社會和國家的理論》(</span><span lang="EN-US">La théorie de Marx de l’histoire, de la société et de l’Etat</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)著作裡,討論了以上的段落。根據庫諾,馬克思和恩格斯所要說的一切,就是﹕</span></div><div class="MsoNormal">
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<i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 11.0pt;">現今(<span lang="EN-US">1848</span>)的工人沒有國家,他沒有參與民族(<span lang="EN-US">nation</span>)的生活,沒有占有其物質和精神財富的份額。但當有一天工人贏得政治權力和在國家、民族(<span lang="EN-US">nation</span>)占領導的地位。然後,屆時可以這樣說(儘管他們的民族主義不同於資產階級的那種),他們自己構成了民族(<span lang="EN-US">nation</span>),他們也將是民族的(<span lang="EN-US">national</span>),和感受到民族的(<span lang="EN-US">national</span>)</i>。<sup><a href="#fn1" id="ref1">[1]</a></sup></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal"style="mso-char-indent-count: 1.0; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>但庫諾的這種解釋</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><sup><a href="#fn2" id="ref2">[2]</a></sup></span>絆倒在《共產黨宣言》的一個短語上</span><span lang="EN-US">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「暫時」(</span><span lang="EN-US">encore</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)(<i>譯按:字面意思為「仍然」、「迄今」</i>)(「既然無產階級首先必須取得政治統治,上升為民族的階級,確立為民族,所以它本身<b>暫時</b>還是民族的……」)。這表明無產階級的國際主義與資產階級的民族主義,兩者的整個世界觀是完全不同,而馬克思和思格斯亦不會期望無產階級永遠停留在「民族的」階段。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">庫諾的解釋在改良主義陣營裡建立起他的學派;但是第二次世界大戰之後,共產黨的圈內也同樣採納了這種解釋。因此,維也納</span><span lang="EN-US">Stern-Verlag</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">出版社(<i>譯按:奧地利共產黨的出版社</i>)於</span><span lang="EN-US">1946</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年出版的《共產黨宣言》裡的導言,說道:</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 11.0pt;">當馬克思在《共產黨宣言》裡說:「無產階級首先必須取得政治統治,上升為民族的階級,確立為民族,所以它本身暫時還是民族的」,我們必須明白,恰恰是在我們這時代,工人階級作為一個民族的階級,作為反法西斯、爭取民主的鬥爭中的民族骨幹力量。奧地利工人階級今天的奮鬥,透過建立一個獨立的、自由的和民主的奧地利,而贏得他們的奧地利祖國。<sup><a href="#fn3" id="ref3">[3]</a></sup></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這種解釋明顯不止是庫諾式的版本,甚至還比它走的更遠。我們可以在列寧的著作《卡爾.馬克思》討論《共產黨宣言》的相關段落,發現與這種用民族主義來解釋它的截然相反的說法:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 11.0pt;">民族(<span lang="EN-US">nations</span>,譯按:此段皆為<span lang="EN-US">nations</span>)是社會發展到資産階級時代的必然産物和必然形式。工人階級如果不「把自身組織成爲民族」,如果不成爲「民族的」(「雖然完全不是資産階級所理解的那種意思」),就不能鞏固、成熟和最終形成。但是資本主義的發展,日益打破民族壁壘,消除民族隔絕狀態,用階級對抗代替民族對抗。因此,就發達的資本主義國家來說,「工人沒有祖國」,工人至少是各文明國家的工人的「聯合的行動」「是無産階級獲得解放的首要條件之一」(《共產黨宣言》)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 11.0pt;">(譯按:《列寧全集》中文第<span lang="EN-US">2</span>版,第<span lang="EN-US">26</span>卷,第<span lang="EN-US">75</span>頁,人民出版社。)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">列寧的解釋,其內容雖然符合馬克思主義的本意,但他對「民族的」的解釋亦非令人滿意。這裡即時碰到的問題,因為《共產黨宣言》</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">說</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">當無產階級即使後來贏得了政治統治,「它本身暫時還是民族的」</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">;但</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">列寧對工人階級「要成為民族的」說法,將它只應用在工人階級運動的開始,即工人階級還未進入「<b>成熟</b>」之前的階段。列寧進一步說,只有到了在一個充分發展的資本主義社會,工人才比過往更不會有祖國。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">由於上述所引的《共產黨宣言》的段落引起眾多的解釋,從而令人們試圖發掘其真正的涵義,本來不足為奇。但奇怪的是,隨著時間的推移,這些段落成為了一種信條。因為,那些影響重大的綱領口號就是來自這些段落,但在大多數情況下,那些想踐行它的人們可沒有完全理解其真正意思,尤其當中的「工人沒有祖國」帶來令人困擾的問題。當人們抱著堅定之心而重覆說寫這些表面看來簡單的口號,這比起要對它作出解釋、而其解釋又要符合社會黨(和其後的共產黨)的實踐(<i>譯按:即資產階級的民族主義</i>),固然容易得多了。不幸的是,由於社會黨和共產黨的實踐似乎越來越違背《共產黨宣言》作者的想法,令到「工人沒有祖國」成了空言……</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(二)</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">那麼《共產黨宣言》相關段落的實際意思是什麼?為什麼工人階級是「沒有祖國」?為什麼當工人取得政治統治之後,他們仍然維持「暫時民族的」?要回答這些問題,看來我們必須先探討《共產黨宣言》裡與此相關的專門詞彙。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我們都知道,「</span><span lang="EN-US">nation</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」和「</span><span lang="EN-US">nationalité</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」兩詞並不總是和處處都是在相同的意義上使用。例如,在英國和法國,我們一般聽到「</span><span lang="EN-US">nation</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」通常是指主權國家的人口,而「</span><span lang="EN-US">nationalité</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」有時是屬於國家的公民</span><span lang="EN-US">/</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國民的同義詞,時而又指稱在人種–語言(</span><span lang="FR-CA">ethnique-linguistique</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)意義上的社群(</span><span lang="EN-US">peuple</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">人民)。但是我們(<i>譯按:說德語的人</i>)對這兩詞的用法都是指人種–語言意義上的社群。<sup><a href="#fn4" id="ref4">[4]</a></sup></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[endif]--></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">馬克思和恩格斯(尤其在他們青年時期的著作)對以上兩詞幾乎總是遵循英語和法語的用法。據此,他們用「</span><span lang="EN-US">nation</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」主要指涉一個主權國家的人口</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><sup><a href="#fn5" id="ref5">[5]</a></sup>(例外的情況是,也用於指涉「歷史上」的民族(</span><span lang="FR-CA">peuples </span><span lang="EN-US">“historiques”</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),例如波蘭人,他們暫時被剝奪了自己的國家)。他們用「</span><span lang="EN-US">nationalité</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」指涉</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US">a</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)從屬於一個國家、或一個民族國家(</span><i><span lang="EN-US">Staatsvolk</span></i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><sup><a href="#fn6" id="ref6">[6]</a></sup>,或是民族國家的條件、政治意涵上的民族</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><sup><a href="#fn7" id="ref7">[7]</a></sup>;(</span><span lang="EN-US">b</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)在人種–語言意義上的社群。而「</span><span lang="EN-US">nationalité</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」幾乎等同為他們用來指稱「沒有歷史的民族」(</span><span lang="EN-US">pe</span><span lang="FR-CA">uples sans
histoire</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的唯一術語,例如指奧地利的斯拉夫人(捷克人、克羅地亞人、烏克蘭人等等)或者「孑遺的民族」(</span><span lang="EN-US">fragments de peuple</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)(例如克爾特人(</span><span lang="EN-US">Celtes</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)、布列塔尼人(</span><span lang="EN-US">Bretons</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)和巴斯克人(</span><span lang="EN-US">Basques</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">))。正是這個「</span><span lang="EN-US">nationalité</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」的上述概念,與有自己「歷史」的民族(</span><span lang="EN-US">nation</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),形成鮮明對比,這是馬克思和恩格斯所使用的專門詞彙的特點。我們舉一些例子,恩格斯於</span><span lang="EN-US">1866</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年致《共和國》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US">The Commonwealth</span></i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)週報編輯說:</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 11.0pt;">蘇格蘭山區的克爾特人和威爾士人,按其民族(<span lang="EN-US">nationitiés</span>)來說,無疑地有別於英格蘭人,然而,誰也不把這些早已消失了的民族的孑遺叫做民族(<span lang="EN-US">nations</span>),同樣,誰也不會把法國布列塔尼的克爾特居民叫做民族(<span lang="EN-US">nations</span>)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 11.0pt;">(譯按:《工人階級與波蘭有什麼關係?》,《馬恩全集》中文第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>版,第<span lang="EN-US">16</span>卷,第<span lang="EN-US">175-176</span>頁。)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">還有</span><span lang="EN-US">1855</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年談奧地利的斯拉夫人的文章《德國與泛斯拉夫主義》:</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 11.0pt;">奧地利的斯拉夫人分爲兩個集團:一個集團是由各民族(<span lang="EN-US">nationiti</span>é<span lang="EN-US">s</span>)的孑遺組成,他們過去有自己的歷史,而現在的歷史發展是同那些與他們有不同種族和語言的民族(<span lang="EN-US">nations</span>)聯繫在一起的。……因此上述這些民族(<span lang="EN-US">nationiti</span>é<span lang="EN-US">s</span>)雖然全都住在奧地利境內,但未被承認爲已經形成了的不同的民族(<span lang="EN-US">nations</span>)。<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 11.0pt;">(譯按:《馬恩全集》中文第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>版,第<span lang="EN-US">11</span>卷,第<span lang="EN-US">220</span>頁。)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在另一處(<i>譯按:《德國的革命和反革命》</i>),恩格斯說:</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 11.0pt;">波希米亞和克羅地亞都沒有强大到足以作爲獨立的民族(<span lang="EN-US">nations</span>)而存在。這兩個民族(<span lang="EN-US">nationiti</span>é<span lang="EN-US">s</span>)都因種種歷史原因(這些原因必然使它們爲更强大的民族(<span lang="EN-US">races</span>)所併吞)的作用而漸漸瓦解,它們要想恢復一定的獨立性,只有和其他斯拉夫民族(<span lang="EN-US">nations</span>)(羅斯道爾斯基按:恩格斯這裡指俄羅斯)聯合起來。<sup><a href="#fn8" id="ref8">[8]</a></sup></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 11.0pt;">(譯按:《馬恩全集》中文第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>版,第<span lang="EN-US">8</span>卷,第<span lang="EN-US">56</span>頁。)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以上恩格斯致《共和國》週報編輯的文章的相關引述,其重要之處是從專門詞彙方面對「</span><span lang="EN-US">nation</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」和「</span><span lang="EN-US">nationalité</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」的概念作出了區分,包括闡明:「民族問題」(</span><span lang="EN-US">question nationale</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)和「有關民族的問題」(</span><span lang="EN-US">question des nationalitiés</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)之間的、「民族原則」(</span><span lang="EN-US">principe national</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)和「有關民族的原則」(</span><span lang="EN-US">Principe des nationalitiés</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)之間的差異和對立。恩格斯只同意第一個原則,大力反對第二個原則(<i>譯按:即「前者是有『歷史的』民族」(</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US">nations</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">),後者是「沒有『歷史』的、孑遺的民族(</span><span lang="EN-US">nationiti</span></i><i><span lang="FR-CA">é</span><span lang="EN-US">s</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">)」</span></i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(眾所周知,馬克思和恩格斯錯誤地否認「沒有歷史的民族」的政治前途,如捷克人、斯洛伐克人、塞爾維亞人、克羅地亞人、斯洛文尼亞人、烏克蘭人、羅馬尼亞人等等。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><sup><a href="#fn9" id="ref9">[9]</a></sup>)</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(三)</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《共產黨宣言》同樣提供了一些使用這個有關「民族」的專門詞彙的實例。例如,它說當資本主義的發展破壞舊的「民族工業」(</span><span lang="EN-US">industries nationales</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)(<i>譯按:同上,第</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US">469</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁</span></i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),這顯然指限定在某一國家領土內的工業。而在第二部份(<i>譯按:〈無產者與共產黨人〉</i>)結尾提及的「國營工廠」(</span><span lang="EN-US">fabriques nationales</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)(<i>譯按:同上,第</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US">490</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁</span></i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),當然亦在相同的意義上來理解。</span><span lang="FR-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同樣,在段落:「原先各自獨立的、幾乎只是由聯盟關係聯繫起來的,各有其不同利益、不同法律、不同政府、不同稅則的各個地區,現在已經結合成爲一個擁有統一的政府、統一的法制、統一的民族階級利益、統一的稅關的民族(</span><span lang="EN-US">nation</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)了。」</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">(<i>譯按:同上,第<span lang="EN-US">470-471</span>頁</i>)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這裡「民族」(</span><span lang="EN-US">nation</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)(就如「民族的」(</span><span lang="EN-US">national</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">))顯然指涉國家、自身擁有國家的民族(<i>譯按:這裡可稱為國族</i>),而不是在人種–語言意義上的民族(</span><span lang="EN-US">nationalit</span><span lang="FR-CA">é</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。最後,馬克思和恩格斯在《共產黨宣言》所說的無產階級的「民族的」鬥爭,它完全不是改良主義或新改良主義所想像的那樣(<i>譯按:即階級聯盟合作的路線</i>)。以下一段,清楚描述無產階級的階級鬥爭的起源:</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 11.0pt;">最初是個別的工人,然後是某一工廠的工人,然後是某一地方某一勞動部門的工人,同那直接剝削他們的個別資産者作鬥爭。……只要有了這種聯繫,就能把許多只在地方範圍內發生而性質又都相同的鬥爭匯合成爲一個全國性(<span lang="EN-US">nationale</span>)的階級的鬥爭了。<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 11.0pt;">(譯按:同上,第<span lang="EN-US">474-475</span>頁)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這裡,無產階級發動的「全國性」鬥爭(即發動鬥爭的範圍是整個的國家),直接等同於階級鬥爭。因為工人只有這種集中在全國範圍的鬥爭,才能使工人自身成為對抗資產階級的一個階級,並使這鬥爭具有政治鬥爭的性質。<sup><a href="#fn10" id="ref10">[10]</a></sup></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[endif]--></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">回到本文開首引述《共產黨宣言》的段落,馬克思和恩格斯說到無產階級反對資產階級的鬥爭,「最初總是民族的」鬥爭,他們明顯的想法是發動這場鬥爭起初是在國家的範圍之內,其建基於這個清晰的立場:「每個國家的無產階級首先當然必須打倒本國的資產階級」,繼而無產階級「上升為民族主導的階級,確立為民族」</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><sup><a href="#fn11" id="ref11">[11]</a></sup></span>。這裡表達的意思非常明確:無產階級必須首先在現存的國界內,先打倒本國的資產階級,才能上升為國家的主導階級。這就是為什麼無產階級「暫時還是民族的」、而又「不是資產階級理解的那個意思」。資產階級的目標就是人民之間在政治上分離,以及剝削國外的民族。相反,勝利的工人階級從一開始,會致力消除國內民族之間互相的敵對和對抗。工人階級透過自身的領導權創造條件,使「民族內部的階級對抗消失」,同時亦使到「民族內部的敵對關係也隨之消失」。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">只有從上述這角度,才能了解青年恩格斯所寫的「廢除」或「消滅」民族(</span><span lang="EN-US">nationalit</span><span lang="FR-CA">é</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的意思,他不是主張廢除現存在人種–語言意義上的社群(這是荒謬的﹗),而是相反指消除人民之間的政治分離狀態<sup><a href="#fn12" id="ref12">[12]</a></sup></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。套用《共產黨宣言》的話,在這樣一個社會,「公眾的權力失去它自己的政治性質」(<i>譯按:因為「原來意義上的政治權力,是一個階級用以鎮壓另一個階級的有組織的暴力。同上,第491頁。</i>),亦不會為各自處於獨立狀態的「民族國家」留有一席之地,這樣國家便會消亡。</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(四)</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">探討《共產黨宣言》裡的專門詞彙,有助釐清它們的真正意思。上述的討論已經證明,此前人們對其中主要就「</span><span lang="EN-US">nation</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」和「</span><span lang="EN-US">nationalit</span><span lang="FR-CA">é</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」的相關段落的解釋在政治意涵方面產生的矛盾,尤其是庫諾完全武斷和詭辯的解釋。他嘗試從《共產黨宣言》裡推導出特有的「無產階級的民族主義」,以及將工人階級運動的國際主義精神化約為各國人民之間的國際合作的願望。<sup><a href="#fn13" id="ref13">[13]</a></sup></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[endif]--></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不過,亦有人們批評《共產黨宣言》得出一些結論:它鼓吹無產階級對待民族問題和民族運動所採取的「虛無主義」(</span><span lang="EN-US">nilhilisme</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)、和冷漠的態度。這裡需要重申:《共產黨宣言》說到「工人沒有祖國」,「祖國」是指資產階級的民族國家,而不是指在族群意義上的民族。根據馬克思和恩格斯的「工人沒有祖國」的意思:工人必須將資產階級的民族國家視為壓迫他們的機器</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><sup><a href="#fn14" id="ref14">[14]</a></sup></span>。但即使當工人階級取得政治權力後,而建立起不同的社會主義的民族國家,亦一樣是(在政治意涵上)「沒有祖國」。因為這些社會主義的民族國家,是代表通往未來無階級和無國家的社會——它不能在一國、只能在國際範圍內建成——的一個過渡階段。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">因此,人們指責《共產黨宣言》對民族問題作出了「冷漠」的解釋(尤其在「正統」馬克思主義者</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><sup><a href="#fn15" id="ref15">[15]</a></sup></span>圈子是常見的情況),是不能成立的。當然,如果對民族問題採取「冷漠」的解釋,會對社會主義運動造成了一些(有時甚至加劇了)損害。不過,它其實反映了——儘管以一種扭曲的表達方式——源自革命工人運動固有的世界性傾向</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><sup><a href="#fn16" id="ref16">[16]</a></sup></span>,其為:渴望克服民族之間的界限、民族之間的區隔和人民之間的對抗。從這意義上而言,它比伯恩斯坦、庫諾及其一夥人的那套狹隘的民族主義的解釋,更為接近馬克思主義和《共產黨宣言》的原意。</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註譯:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<sup id="fn1">[1].<a href="#ref1" id="#fn1=">↩</a></sup></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《馬克思的歷史、社會和國家的理論》(</span><span lang="EN-US">Die Marxsche Geschichts-, GeseIlschafts-und Staatatheorie</span></i><span lang="EN-US">, vol. 2, p.30.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></div>
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<sup id="fn2">[2].<a href="#ref2" id="#fn2=">↩</a></sup><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">庫諾並非首位以此方式來解釋《共產黨宣言》。像其他改良主義者的炮製一樣,這也是來自於修正主義之父伯恩斯坦。在伯恩斯坦的文章《德國社會民主黨和土耳其的糾紛》(</span><st1:personname productid="La Social-d←mocratie" w:st="on"><span lang="FR-CA">La Social-démocratie</span></st1:personname><span lang="FR-CA"> allemandé et les Trouble de Turquie</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)(</span><i><span lang="EN-US">Neue Zeit</span></i><span lang="EN-US">, 1896-7, no.4, pp.111ff</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)裡說:「無產階級沒有國家的說法,要修改為:</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">什麼時候</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和到什麼程度,能以全面的公民身份參與他國家的政府和立法機構,並根據自身的意願改變其國家的制度。」</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(譯註:《共產黨宣言》法譯本的</span><span lang="EN-US">encore</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,英譯本的</span><span lang="EN-US">so far</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,均具有到目前為止、仍然的意思,而中譯本用「暫時」更突出無產階級不停留在「民族的」階段這層意思,所以譯者沿用這個譯法。)</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<sup id="fn3">[3].<a href="#ref3" id="#fn3=">↩</a></sup><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但是,奧地利的工人階級應該在他們的祖國(勝利盟軍強加給他們的),為了實現社會主義而奮鬥。導言的作者顯然全無這種想法。</span></div>
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<sup id="fn4">[4].<a href="#ref4" id="#fn4=">↩</a></sup><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">考茨基對此的說法:「民族(</span><span lang="EN-US">nation</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的概念同樣難以界定。不能降低這個困難的事實是,同一個詞可指稱兩個不同的社會型態,而兩個不同的詞又可指稱同一個社會型態。在西歐,由於其古老的資本主義文化,國家的人民感到緊密地聯繫在一起。在那裡,國家的人口被稱為民族(</span><span lang="EN-US">nation</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。在這個意義上,譬如說,我們講的是比利時民族(</span><span lang="EN-US">nation </span><span lang="FR-CA">belge</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。再往歐洲更東部的地區看,在一個國家裡有眾多的、不想從屬於它的人口的部份,他們構成自身的民族社群。他們同樣被稱為</span><span lang="EN-US">nations</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或</span><span lang="EN-US">nationaliti</span><span lang="FR-CA">é</span><span lang="EN-US">s</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,這適宜只使用後者來稱呼他們。」《歷史唯物主義的概念》</span><span lang="EN-US">(<i>Die materialistische Geschichtsauffassung</i>,
vol. 2, p.441.)</span></div>
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<sup id="fn5">[5].<a href="#ref5" id="#fn5=">↩</a></sup><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這與魯曼(</span><span lang="EN-US">Fr.Naumann</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)所給予的定義有緊密的關連。他說從政治意涵方面,「一個國家的整體的公民為其民族(</span><span lang="EN-US">nation</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的特徵……尤其在一個文明國家,其主要的人口構成其民族(在這用語真正的和原本的意義上),或是……在正確的意義上它似乎能夠創立一個民族。」《人民和民族》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US">Volk und Nation</span></i><span lang="EN-US">,1888</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></div>
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<sup id="fn6">[6].<a href="#ref6" id="#fn6=">↩</a></sup><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">馬克思於</span><span lang="EN-US">1843</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年寫道:「在法國和英國,問題是政治經濟學或社會對財富的控制;在德國卻是國民經濟學或私有財産對國家(<i>譯按:</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US">nationalit</span></i><i><span lang="FR-CA">é</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中譯本譯為國家,亦可用民族國家</span></i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的控制。」(《〈黑格爾法哲學批判〉導言》,《馬恩全集》中文第</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">版,第</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">卷,第</span><span lang="EN-US">457</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁。)</span><span lang="EN-US">Nationalit</span><span lang="FR-CA">é</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在這裡肯定不是指在人種—語言意義上所構成的民族。</span></div>
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<sup id="fn7">[7].<a href="#ref7" id="#fn7=">↩</a></sup><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">比較馬克思於</span><st1:chsdate day="22" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="2" w:st="on" year="1848"><span lang="EN-US">1848</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">22</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的演說《論波蘭問題》:「三國強權(羅斯道爾斯基按:即普魯士、奧地利和俄羅斯)和時代並駕齊驅。</span><span lang="EN-US">1846</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,因為把克拉柯夫歸併給奧地利而剝奪了波蘭僅存的民族獨立(</span><span lang="EN-US">nationalit</span><span lang="FR-CA">é</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)……。(《馬恩全集》中文第</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">版,第</span><span lang="EN-US">4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">卷,第</span><span lang="EN-US">534</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁。)這裡的「</span><span lang="EN-US">nationalité</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」,與馬克思和恩格斯其它許多的段落一樣,是指政府。</span></div>
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<sup id="fn8">[8].<a href="#ref8" id="#fn8=">↩</a></sup><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">恩格斯,《德國的革命和反革命》,《馬恩全集》中文第</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">版,第</span><span lang="EN-US">8</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">卷,第</span><span lang="EN-US">56</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁,人民出版社。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(<i>譯按:作者提到恩格斯的上述引文,有關</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US">fragments de nationalités</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或英文的</span><span lang="EN-US">remnants of nationalities</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,《馬恩全集》中文版譯為「殘餘的民族」,帶有貶義,譯者一概改為「孑遺的民族」。</span></i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></div>
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<sup id="fn9">[9].<a href="#ref9" id="#fn9=">↩</a></sup><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">見本人著作:《恩格斯和「沒有歷史」的民族:<span lang="EN-US">1848</span>年革命的民族問題》</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><i><span lang="EN-US">Fr. Engels und das Problem
der “geschichtslosen” Völker</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></i><span lang="EN-US">, in Archiv für
Sozialgeschichte vol. 4, pp. 87-282</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">英譯本:</span><i><span lang="EN-US">Engels and the “Nonhistoric” Peoples: The National Question in the
Revlolution of 1848</span></i><span lang="EN-US">, Critique Books, 1986.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: 新細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(譯按:作者認為馬克思和恩格斯對「沒有歷史」的民族——尤其指當時奧地利境內的斯拉夫人——的政治前途作了錯誤判斷,其實應為恩格斯而非馬克思。)</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<sup id="fn10">[10].<a href="#ref10" id="#fn10=">↩</a></sup><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">可比較《德意志意識型態》裡所說:「由於資産階級已經不再是一個等級,而是一個階級了,因此它必須在全國範圍內而不是在一個地區內組織起來,並且必須使自己通常的利益具有一種普遍的形式。」《馬恩全集》中文第</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">版,第</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">卷,第</span><span lang="EN-US">70</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁。</span></div>
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<sup id="fn11">[11].<a href="#ref11" id="#fn11=">↩</a></sup><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《共產黨宣言》</span><span lang="EN-US">1888</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的英譯版本,經過恩格斯同意的譯本,將「民族的階級」(</span><span lang="EN-US">class
nationale</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)改為「民族主導的階級」(</span><span lang="EN-US">leading
class of the nation</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。</span></div>
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<sup id="fn12">[12].<a href="#ref12" id="#fn12=">↩</a></sup><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">沿著這思路,恩格斯在</span><span lang="EN-US">1846</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年寫道:「只有無産者才能够消滅各民族(</span><span lang="EN-US">nationiti</span><span lang="FR-CA">é</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的隔離狀態,只有覺醒的無産階級才能够建立各民族(</span><span lang="EN-US">nation</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的兄弟友愛。」(《在倫敦舉行的各族人民大會》,《馬恩全集》中文第</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">版,第</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">卷,第</span><span lang="EN-US">666</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁。)同樣,在《德意志意識型態》,無產階級被稱為「已經成為現今社會的一切階級、民族(</span><span lang="EN-US">nationiti</span><span lang="FR-CA">é</span><span lang="EN-US">s</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)等等的解體表現……民族(</span><span lang="EN-US">nationiti</span><span lang="FR-CA">é</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的獨特性已經被消滅。」(同上,第</span><span lang="EN-US">78</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁及</span><span lang="EN-US">68</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁)</span></div>
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<sup id="fn13">[13].<a href="#ref13" id="#fn13=">↩</a></sup><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">庫諾對《共產黨宣言》的最徹底的扭曲,可從引述他書(<i>譯按:《馬克思的歷史、社會和國家的理論》</i>)裡下面這段話看出:「如果從『全世界無產者,聯合起來!』的呼籲而推導出馬克思會認為工人是處身於民族的(</span><span lang="EN-US">national</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)社群之外,這是完全不合理的。這好比呼籲『記者、醫生、語言學家等等在國際協會之下聯合起來,開展你們的工作』而得出相同的謬論:這些專業協會的成員不該感到要與他們自身的國家民族有所連繫。」(同上</span><span lang="EN-US">,vol.2, p.29</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)但馬克思的《哥達綱領批判》內,引述德國工人黨的綱領第五點:「工人階級爲了本身的解放,首先是在現代民族國家的範圍內進行活動,同時意識到,它的爲一切文明國家的工人所共有的那種意圖必然導致的結果,將是各民族的國際的兄弟聯合。」</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">馬克思的回應是:「同《共産黨宣言》和先前的一切社會主義相反,拉薩爾以最狹隘的民族觀點來對待工人運動。有人竟在這方面追隨他,而且這是在國際的活動以後!爲了能够進行鬥爭,工人階級必須在國內組成爲一個階級,而且它的直接的鬥爭舞臺就是本國,這是不言而喻的。所以,它的階級鬥爭不是就內容來說,而是像《共産黨宣言》所指出『就形式來說』是本國範圍內的鬥爭。但是,『現代民族國家的範圍』,例如德意志帝國,本身在經濟上又處在『世界市場的範圍內』,而在政治上則處在『國家體系的範圍內』。任何一個商人都知道,德國的貿易同時就是對外貿易,而俾斯麥先生的偉大恰好在於他實行一種國際的政策。而德國工人黨把自己的國際主義歸結爲什麽呢?就是意識到它的意圖所導致的結果將是『各民族的國際的兄弟聯合』。這句話是從資産階級的和平和自由同盟那裡抄來的,它應當被當做各國工人階級在反對各國統治階級及其政府的共同鬥爭中的國際兄弟聯合的等價物。這樣,關於德國工人階級的國際職責連一個字也沒有提到!」(《哥達綱領批判》,《馬恩全集》中文第</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">版,第</span><span lang="EN-US">19</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">卷,第</span><span lang="EN-US">25-26</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁。)</span></div>
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<sup id="fn14">[14].<a href="#ref14" id="#fn14=">↩</a></sup><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">馬克思在他筆記摘引布里索(</span><span lang="EN-US">Brissot
de Warville</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的一段說話:「那些希望在未來為全體人民創辦教育的方案,可以得到一種觀察:當四分之三的人是身無財物,不會帶來好的結果。沒有財產,人們不會有祖國。沒有祖國,所有人反對每個人,而每個人必須武裝起來反對所有人……在資產階級社會,有四分之三的人過奢侈的生活,就有四分之三的人沒有宗教、道德、和要效忠的政府。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(<i>譯按:此段引文在英文版及中文版的《馬恩全集》</i></span><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">都</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">找不到相關出處(《馬恩全集》沒有出版法文版),而本文英譯版本譯註所標示的《馬恩全集》德文版的出處(</span><span lang="EN-US">MEGA,vol.6,p.617</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),譯者託在德國的朋友查找後,亦沒有相關出處。</span></i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></div>
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<sup id="fn15">[15].<a href="#ref15" id="#fn15=">↩</a></sup><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「……『正統派』(<i>譯按:俄羅斯的新康德主義者給馬克思主義者的帽子</i>),使用這個用語時决不能忘記,這個用語是論敵在論戰中提出來的,『正統派』並不拒絕一般批判,而只是拒絕折中主義者的『批判』。」(《非批判的批判》,《列寧全集》中文第</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">版,第</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">卷,第</span><span lang="EN-US">584</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁。)</span></div>
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<sup id="fn16">[16].<a href="#ref16" id="#fn16=">↩</a></sup><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">自斯大林的統治開始,「世界主義」(</span><span lang="FR-CA">Le </span><span lang="EN-US">cosmopolitisme</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)被打成為資產階級最壞的惡習的同義詞。但恩格斯於</span><span lang="EN-US">1874</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US">9</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">12-17</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日給佐爾格(</span><span lang="EN-US">F.A.Sorge</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的信裡說:「無產階級共同的世界性的利益」。(《馬恩全集》中文第</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">版,第</span><span lang="EN-US">33</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">卷,第</span><span lang="EN-US">643</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁)所以,我們寧取思格斯的解釋而扔棄斯大林和他後繼者的版本。</span></div>
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驛站http://www.blogger.com/profile/11378808425722503912noreply@blogger.com0